A Systematic Review Paper on : Need of Smart Home Architecture for Old People

Abstract

In order to allow people to age in place and maintain their independence, this study evaluates existing approaches to integrating cutting-edge technology into the home remodelling process. Articles that acted as systematic reviews looked at research from the disciplines of smart technology, ageing studies, and architectural planning. We reviewed databases from similar scientific fields in addition to doing manual searches (e.g., Scopus, Web of Science, Engineer Village, Google Scholar, and Cross Reference). Out of a total of 2594 papers, 33 were analysed to determine what was known about the smart home environment for ageing in place, the process of smart house modification, and the challenges to and solutions for independent living. The findings suggest that older adults might gain from using smart technology and house modifications to increase accessibility and reduce the risk of falls. The notion of the robotic house has emerged as home help technologies for the elderly evolve from manual devices to intelligent ones. When it comes to building and personalising smart homes, universal design is a regular practise. In spite of this, universal design isn\'t only used for smart homes; it\'s also a frequent retrofitting requirement for conventional dwellings. Individualization, little disturbance to everyday life, and age-adaptive technology are the major needs for smart home remodelling stages.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Life events such as marriage, divorce, retirement, and relocation may have a significant impact on a person's housing preferences. The affects of ageing prevent some people, particularly the elderly, from engaging in activities that are vital to their health and pleasure. The ageing population is growing, and with it comes the need for more intelligent technology. Examples of this include fitness programmes that motivate activity and sensor networks that track how much you move (Plantevin, et al., 2019). The purpose of these tools is to facilitate conversation amongst family members of different generations. How technology development may improve the lives of seniors has been studied (Jafri, et al., 2019)

Multiple investigations into the "smart home" concept have been carried out since the term's inception in the 1990s. Sensing devices, computer networks (both wired and wireless), and other forms of intelligence constitute the backbone of the "smart," "aware," and "adaptive" homes of today (Shukla, & Singh, 2016). (2019). Customers over the age of 65 and those with physical constraints have grown as a share of the market for smart home technology during the previous decade. Recent years have seen a rise in its popularity as more people see its potential to improve their quality of life via increased security, lower energy costs, and more ecologically conscious neighbourhoods. However, this technology is mostly inappropriate for usage in a home setting and has few practical applications.

However, the process by which the elderly learn about and adjust to the challenges that may accompany smart living has received little attention. The mental and emotional makeup of a person determines whether or not they will use home assistive technology (Sepasgozar, et al., 2020). The primary goals of every well-thought-out senior living facility are resident engagement and meaningful impact. Any elder care facility worth its salt will place a premium on resident happiness and community involvement. Only senior-friendly housing choices were considered in our search. The results of this study imply that if smart houses were created with the intention of maximising the benefits to their occupants, the elderly would have a more favourable impression of them. Since the 1990s, several professionals in computer science, electrical engineering, gerontology, IT, biomedicine, and robotics have written extensively on the topic of creating a "smart environment" for the elderly (Stavrotheodoros, et al., 2018).

Scholarly study on the built environment generally ignores houses despite their presence in the smart environment. There is a tendency to prioritise pragmatic concerns like usability, user-state monitoring, and resource saving above the psychological impacts of smart settings.

Instead of questioning the value or efficacy of smart technology, we should be asking how well they can integrate the elderly and provide them a positive and enriching experience of smart living. Efforts to improve the quality of life for the elderly should be prioritised (Balakrishnan, et al., 2018).

Incorporating state-of-the-art gadgetry and creative design, "smart homes" cater to their residents' requirements and provide a pleasant reprieve from the daily grind. This study analysed the literature on smart settings in the field of architecture using a four-factor evaluation system based on well-ness, independence, acceptability, and design. These documents may be thoroughly analysed using a smart-environment evaluation technique that is age-friendly (Sokullu, et al., 2020). Our ranking of the potential impact of smart environment research was achieved using a Harvey Ball and four established criteria. Understanding the perspectives of the elderly is crucial for improving the quality of life in smart homes for the elderly.

A. Pleasurable Smart Residential Environments for Older Adults

The ageing population will surely benefit from the abundance of senior housing alternatives already available. According to research by Monteriù et al. (2018), the great majority of retirees choose to continue living in their current homes. This phenomenon has been dubbed "ageing in place" by the public (AIP). To enhance resident independence, dignity, and involvement in meaningful activities, assisted living facilities (ALFs) provide a variety of services and assistance to its residents (Vishwakarma et al., 2019).

The Aging in Place (AIP) movement is focused on allowing the elderly to stay in their homes for as long as possible while maintaining their level of independence. Another potential benefit of the classroom setting is that students may get insight into the mental and social health of their peers. Spending time in a comfortable environment surrounded by familiar things has been shown to improve mental wellness. Since ALF residents often get higher-quality care, the higher monthly costs may be justified (Lee, & Kim, 2020).

It's possible that you may boost the elderly's health, happiness, and quality of life by making their homes cosier and more visually beautiful. It's crucial to know how different people's histories and routines affect the kind of medical care that works best for them. This makes it very important. Multiple studies have found the same thing: Important components of senior-friendly homes include integrated sensors and voice-activated services from the realm of information and communications technology (ICT) (Marikyan, et al., 2019). Recent advances in information and communication technology have made it possible to remotely monitor and manage so-called "smart" houses.

Another name for this concept is "the creative and smart environment," and "ambient intelligence" is another term that may be used to describe it. Residents may connect their dwellings to the greater community by purchasing specialised interfaces, cutting-edge computers, networking, and other cutting-edge technology and items. IoT enables these developments (IoT). A wide variety of sensors are linked together in a local area network in order to deliver this information. These sensors can track the user's every move and provide them real-time data on how their bodies are doing or alert them to potential issues. According to (Carnemolla, 2018) and (Carnemolla, 2019), "smart homes" are residences where data is collected, shared, analysed, and monitored in order to better the lives of the residents.

Modern technology may be helpful for the elderly since it makes it easier to do things like cooking and cleaning. As people become older, they naturally lose mobility, thus it's important to keep their requirements in mind while designing completely automated workplaces (Jabbar, et al., 2018). In order to automate smart gadgets in a manner that assists the elderly in maintaining their mental and physical faculties, further research is needed. You need to strike a balance between giving your staff unlimited autonomy and micromanaging their every move if you want to provide them with the greatest possible working environment. You won't be able to make the office as pleasant as possible until that time comes (Choi, et al., 2019). Older people are learning from younger ones how to use cellphones and other forms of interactive technology. Humans with average sensory, motor, and cognitive skills are needed to process the data generated by technological systems. Aging often causes a decline in one's mental and physical faculties, among other talents (Pal, et al.,2018). Very high prices are a possibility, as is the possibility of a privacy violation.

According to research by Paul et al. (2018), older persons are more prone to see smart home devices as complicated and unreliable. Before the programme began, several participants voiced worry that it may add to their existing burdens of stress, caring, and danger. Many elderly people are afraid of technology because of their declining cognitive abilities. Adopting the advantages of modern smart technology is more difficult for individuals who are not millennials. Researchers should look at the most efficient ways of teaching the elderly about how they might use modern technologies to age in place with dignity and security. The smart home, smart environment, and smart technology designed for the elderly and the disabled have been the subject of several academic investigations.

Researchers seldom investigated more than a handful of cases in which the potential benefits of the advanced technology improvements were clear, according to a study by Abu Allaban et al. (2020).

Seventy-one percent of respondents plan to use technology for surveillance, with 6-7 percent planning to monitor physiological processes, 43% planning to monitor cognitive or sensory functioning, 43% planning to monitor security, and 19% planning to promote social contact. The goal of the research was to analyse and improve the technological innovations, devices, and parts used in creatively built living places for the purposes of providing control and safety, monitoring user behaviour, sending out reminders, and analysing users' physiological functions. It is not well understood how a person's mental and physical abilities affect their choices and aims (Ghasemi, et al., 2019).

As we age, the capacity to do daily tasks independently takes on more significance. Knowing how the elderly feel about smart home technology is important because they are the drivers of change required for good ageing. To ensure employee satisfaction in a smart workplace, it is essential to prioritise people above technology. Seniors need intelligent surroundings that go above and beyond the basic requirements by providing them with access to a wide range of engaging activities. We believe that little adjustments to spacecraft design might significantly improve safety and perhaps save lives (Mostafa, et al., 2019). The ability to age in place would be greatly facilitated by the installation of several fundamental safety elements in the home. Design experts may make significant contributions at this point in time in the process of integrating technical information. A bed isn't the only object that may be found in an old person's house. Its memory, warmth, smell, and ability to recognise a familiar environment are all completely formed. When it comes to making choices, evaluating risks, solving problems, maintaining interest and organising and remembering information, emotions play a significant role. This is wonderful news for the well-being of the seniors currently living in these communities, since more individuals will likely opt to make them their permanent homes because of the positive emotions they elicit (Deeba, & Saravanaguru 2018).

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

There is a wide range of senior living choices. The vast majority of seniors over the age of 65 prefer to age in place for as long as possible (Eckert et al., 2004; Boldy et al., 2011). The term "ageing in place" is used to describe this way of living (AIP). Seniors may get accommodation and care in an environment optimised for their health and safety at an assisted living facility (ALF) (Horgas and Abowd, 2004).

With the help of AIP, older citizens may stay in their homes and communities for as long as they like, all while keeping in touch with their loved ones. In addition, they may maintain their mental health by engaging in social interactions with their peers in this setting. Additionally, being in the company of familiar things and locations helps people feel emotionally safe. Assisted living facilities (ALFs) might be expensive, but they may be beneficial because of the individualised care they give (Horgas and Abowd, 2004). A secure, pleasant, and inviting house is crucial for the happiness and well-being of the elderly (Perez et al., 2001; Sabia, 2008). Therefore, it is crucial to discover how to promote pleasure in methods that accommodate for people's unique preferences and personality idiosyncrasies (Costa-Font et al., 2009). There have been a number of studies highlighting the importance of voice-activated services and integrated sensors, two examples of ICT, in the design of senior-friendly houses (Deen, 2015). It turned up (Ding et al., 2011).

ICT advancements have allowed homeowners to manage more complex home systems (Kerbler, 2016). This concept goes under a few different names, including "ambient intelligence" and "the creative and smart environment." Interaction with homes and other users is facilitated by contemporary computers, networking, and smart and innovative objects via the use of specialised interfaces in such a setting. Several sensors are linked to the person's house as part of the smart environment. The user's every action may be tracked, their physiological processes evaluated, and any faulty equipment reported in real time thanks to these sensors. In order to better the lives of its residents, a "smart home" makes use of various information and communication technologies for the purposes of data collection, data sharing, activity analysis and monitoring, and general comfort and convenience (Courtney, 2008; Balta-Ozkan et al., 2013).

It's obvious that smart technology improves quality of life since it facilitates the completion of mundane domestic tasks by the elderly. While fully automated environments certainly have their benefits, they should be used with caution around the elderly since they restrict movement. There has to be more thought put into how intelligent systems are automated so that seniors may keep up their usual levels of mental and physical engagement. Creating the ideal ambiance requires finding a happy medium. Thanks to the efforts of the younger generation, the elderly are being exposed to technology and are learning to utilise interactive devices. Humans with average perceptual, motor, and cognitive skills are required to use technologically gathered information. However, many people see a decline in mental, physical, and sensory capacities as they become older (Abegaz, 2014).

The cost and potential for privacy violations are two common sources of public unease. It's also feasible that elderly people would write off smart home technologies as being too difficult or unnecessary (Peek et al., 2014).

Participants in the reimplementation study worried about the effects of stress on their own and their children's health as a result of the reimplementation (Rush et al., 2013; Lee and Coughlin, 2015; Peek et al., 2017). Technophobia, or an irrational fear of new technology, is common among the elderly due to their inability to change their minds about the topic (Sponselee et al., 2007; Booker, 2011). Learning to utilise these cutting-edge gadgets might be tough for those of us who missed out on the computer and smartphone revolution (Peek et al., 2014).

Researchers should carefully consider the most effective strategies for spreading the word to retirees about the ways in which new technology might help them maintain their independence and safety in their homes. Research into the "smart home," "smart environment," and "smart technology" for the elderly and those with disabilities is growing in number and depth. Studies of smart technology, according to Demiris and Hensel (2008), only account for a narrow set of community and laboratory scenarios in which the suggested technological breakthroughs have been proved to be extremely practical. A total of 71% of respondents considered technology for functional monitoring, 67% for safety monitoring, 47% for physiological monitoring, 43% for cognitive support or sensory aids, and 19% for monitoring security; however, only 19% of respondents considered strategies to enhance social engagement.

Focusing on providing control and safety, detecting user behaviours, sending reminders, and analysing users' physiological functions, this study tested and analysed technical innovations, gadgets, and sections in the systems of innovatively produced living environments. Due to the paucity of research in this area, it is crucial that we pay close attention to the ways in which people's aspirations and abilities align (Cesta et al., 2007; Pecora and Cesta, 2007). Elderly people really must be able to take care of themselves. Older people's opinions on smart home technology are particularly important to consider since they may serve as the catalysts for change required to achieve decent ageing. Putting people first, rather than technological progress, is the key to creating a pleasant, smart workplace.

Seniors require access to smart environments that provide more than just the basics, including interesting opportunities for exploration and participation. We believe that even the slightest changes to a spacecraft's design may have a significant impact on the craft's safety and might ultimately save lives. Making even modest adjustments to a home's layout in order to make it safer for an older person to continue living there might increase the likelihood that they will live to a ripe old age. Expertise in design, in addition to technical efforts, is crucial to success. A home is more than just a place to sleep for the ageing population. It has a wide range of senses and emotions, including the ability to recall prior experiences, feel the temperature of an item, pick up on odours, and recognise its environment. Emotions play a significant role in our daily lives because they affect our judgement, risk perception, problem solving, attention, interest, and the way we classify and organise information. This is fantastic news for the seniors who already call these communities home since it means that more people will choose to make these locations their permanent homes because of the pleasant feelings they inspire.

III. METHODOLOGY

A. Selection

Studies of "smart settings" and "smart homes" are being done to help the elderly retain their independence and health in their later years. Most of these studies have aimed to develop and evaluate personalised smart services that can track and monitor an ageing population by means of implanted or wearable sensors. In principle, these conveniences may be made available via smart homes or towns.

To find scholarly articles on the subject of smart homes and the elderly, we used Google Scholar as our primary research tool and searched for terms like "smart home," "intelligent living," "smart living," "smart technology," "assistive," "health smart," "intelligent building," "intelligent environment," and "smart technologies to support healthy ageing." Because they weren't crucial to the structure as a whole, such details were overlooked. We searched through several research, websites, and other media to find out how smart settings may improve the quality of life for the elderly. Researchers in fields as diverse as gerontology, biology, robotics, and electrical engineering have collaborated with the aim of making it easier for seniors to age in place. Design literature on "smart houses" and "smart technology" for the elderly, however, was difficult to come by. Due to the scarcity of relevant literature, we have elected to include all studies conducted on smart environments, regardless of whether they were intended for the elderly or not.

Academics reviewed and ranked fifty publications published in 2015 on the issue of "smart environments" in building design. Thirty pieces of study were deemed useless because of their dependence on simulations or other technical problems. This study prioritises visually pleasant solutions above technical novelty. In the end, we selected 20 works that we believed best reflected the factors that should be taken into account when developing a high-quality, comfortable workplace for the elderly.

???????B. ???????Contextual Analysis

To begin our assessment, we built a framework for contextual analysis to assist us identify the factors that matter most to seniors when choosing a place to spend time. We analysed each article we chose with respect to its sample size and dispersion, technology used, smart environment setup, user experience, research methodology, and overarching goal. As a result, the chosen paper's smart environment study focuses on maintaining a secure and healthy setting while keeping tabs on its inhabitants.

Multiple studies have shown the added advantages of energy efficiency for the elderly. Although not all studies are designed with the elderly in mind, some often include them due to demographic similarities. Self-report studies have been demonstrated to be more prevalent than exploratory investigations. While many studies have focused on individual structures, others have broadened their focus to include neighbourhoods and even the surrounding environment. To create this scoring system, we combined the criteria used by many smart environment publications. Four major categories of good experiences reported by seniors using the AIP-supporting smart environment were utilised to this framework. This study is an important first step in developing an assessment system.

???????C. Evaluation Framework

Strategy for Measuring To help seniors maintain their independence and improve their quality of life, we conducted contextual analysis of smart environment components and extracted attributes to create enjoyable experiences in smart environments.

Independence, acceptance, design, and people's capacity to take care of themselves efficiently were the four factors used for the assessment. Our review of the relevant literature led us to the conclusion that new technologies improve the health of the elderly by enabling more individualism and the development of smarter surroundings (Vacher et al., 2011; Lattanzio et al., 2014). In all of the articles we looked at, the term "smart environment" was defined in terms of its ability to boost senior citizens' health. We identified the essential qualities of smart settings that put people's mental, bodily, and environmental well-being first. For elders to be really content in a smart environment, it must be a secure place that actively supports their mental and physiological health. The interplay between humans and their environments must be taken into account if we are to maintain a healthy ecosystem.

It is challenging to locate instances of creative places designed specifically to provide seniors with unique and engaging experiences in the chosen articles. Creating a smart and friendly workplace is a lot of work, but it's also a lot of pleasure, and you can't put a price on that. A lot of older people I know are willing to die fighting for their independence and respect. They have choose to rely on family, friends, or caregivers to assist them keep their independence to a larger extent. It's crucial to automate the living environments of the elderly, especially those who are physically or mentally unable to care for themselves, so that they may continue to live freely as long as possible (Demiris, 2008, 2009; Helal et al., 2008). The more people use the smart home and interact with its automatic settings, the more likely it is that they will grasp the notion of affordance and its role in making the smart home work (Norman, 1999). Their health and happiness should be a top priority, and reasonable remedies should be made available. The optimistic outlook and prospects for sustained independence of the ageing population are also highlighted (Courtney et al., 2008; Pal et al., 2018).

To better understand the peculiarities of the elderly and incorporate them into design, several research have been done. To create a pleasant smart environment for them, we need to be familiar with the main elements that affect the appropriateness of smart technology.

Positive feelings about using smart technologies and appliances, offering long-lasting smart environments, demonstrating the value of smart technologies, and providing individualised user experiences should all be accounted for in research (Hargreaves and Wilson, 2017). When planning the smart home of the future, it's important to keep all of this in mind.

Designing for the needs of an ageing society is essential while still meeting the desires of a youthful populace. The ease with which an elderly person can use a smart home relies on the way it was built (Eggen et al., 2017). The design should show that in addition to considering the user's demands, it has taken into account the community's and the environment's as well. Reading a small number of carefully chosen studies allowed us to build a solid foundation upon which to base our assessment framework of smart settings for the elderly.

???????IV. THE FRAMEWORK FOR SMART HOME ENVIRONMENT

This section introduces the concept of a "smart home" and shows how it may be implemented in a realistic setting, complete with modifications suitable for people of different ages. Make the necessary alterations to your home to facilitate ageing in place. Changing out the bathtub for a walk-in shower is a tried-and-true approach for boosting home safety. Products designed for the elderly may help with both home modifications and regular chores. Electronic, non-electronic, and smart gadgets are often used by the elderly in the convenience of their own homes. In a normal residence, these smart system gadgets or peripherals are located all over the place. Many contemporary houses include non-structural sensors, such as contact sensors on doors, pressure sensors under beds, and interior temperature sensors put on walls or ceilings (Lê et al., 2012; Ni et al., 2015; Uddin et al., 2018; Visutsak & Daoudi, 2017).

The process of installing non-structural technology is less time-consuming and disruptive to homeowners' lives than the installation of structural ones. Some structural technologies, such the installation of fall detection to replace slippery floor tiles in high-risk locations so as to cope with the occasional emergency, need modifications to the current house structure in order to accomplish particular aims. This article elaborates on the relationships between smart technologies, people, computers, and other devices, and the built environment. The phrase "assistive technology" (AT) encompasses a wide range of tools, from simple home automation systems to more sophisticated ones (Gibson et al., 2015). A single device or an entire smart home system might theoretically be part of the solution to help seniors live independently for longer (Beech & Roberts, 2008). The major goal of AT is to safeguard everyday chores in order to compensate for the deterioration of critical life abilities in the aged. Seniors with "architectural constraints" may have difficulties maintaining their independence at home (McCreadie & Tinker, 2005).

Electronic and non-electronic tools alike might fall under the umbrella term of "assistive technology" (AT) (blue icons in Fig. 2). The word "geotechnology" may be used to refer to products and services developed with the senior population in mind. The word "gerontotech" combines gerontology with technology to describe research into designing environments that are safe, comfortable, and beneficial for persons of all ages (Liu et al., 2016). As we age, it becomes more important to have AT and geotechnology in the house. If combined with more advanced technology, several of these "dumb" objects might become useful high-tech instruments. Recent advances in the realm of information and communication technology (ICT) have made it possible to manage and regulate AT in the house via the use of interactive modes, such as electronic appliances and communication devices (yellow icons in Fig. 2). Since 2013 (Heart & Kalderon), the consensus has been that...... The use of technology by the elderly and their caretakers is facilitated by these sorts of interactions (green icons in Fig. 2). Via remote monitoring and diagnosis, healthcare is made available to the elderly through e-health, telecare, and other information and communication technology-based solutions.

An example of what is known as "ambient intelligence" (AmI) in the area of ICT is a user whose house is equipped with various data-gathering gadgets, ICT networks, and electronic assistive equipment (Kerbler, 2014).

Ambient assisted living (AAL) is a subfield of ambient intelligence that refers to the intelligent integration of ICT and sensors into the house (red icons in Fig. 2) to help the needs of the elderly through the use of networked technology (Grguri et al., 2019; Kasugai et al., 2010). AAL has a wider range of potential applications. It may be used in both personal residences and public areas (Li et al., 2015). The Internet of Things (IoT) provides the backbone for changing the physical components used in AAL into smart components and integrating them into living environments in the area of ageing in place (Konstantinidis et al., 2015). IoT creates neighbourhood networks by linking commonplace objects to distant computer systems (see blue dashed lines in Fig. 2). This is supported by the findings of other studies (Azimi et al., 2017). Internet of Things (IoT) technology allows for the interconnection of disparate entities, such as elderly people, their houses, and their health data, to terminals over a network, as opposed to utilising a single device.

More people, things, and even the natural environment may now communicate and interact with one another because to technological advancements. The term "smart homes" may be used here to refer to any number of different kinds of high-tech household gadgets. The term "smart home" is used to describe a specific kind of home or apartment that makes use of the aforementioned technologies by including sensors and actuators in the home's infrastructure to monitor the well-being of its inhabitants and enhance their living circumstances (Demiris et al., 2006; Frisardi & Imbimbo, 2011). According to Hui (2017), "intelligent" is a "essential component" of smart homes. The primary purpose of smart homes is shifting from data collection to a more sophisticated interactive care environment.

V. SMART HOME MODIFICATION PROCESS FOR AGING

One way to modernise one's dwelling so as to prolong one's independence at home is to equip it with state-of-the-art electronics and so transform it into a "smart house." This process often begins when an elderly person recognises that their current living arrangements are inadequate. Needs analysis, selecting appropriate technology, developing a design approach, and user testing are the four steps involved (Fig. 3). These measures are in line with the paradigm suggested by Mohammadi (van Buuren et al., 2019) and Güttler et al. (2019) for the evolution of smart home environments (2015).

Gathering and analysing user input, discovering applicable technologies and processes, brainstorming design ideas, putting those concepts to the test in real-world settings, and producing a finished product that fulfils expectations are all typical phases in the process. These strategies centre on the participatory design approach. Since the ageing process is cyclical, so is the necessity to renovate homes that have become unlivable. Incorporating smart technology during home renovations and encouraging ageing in place requires a balanced perspective on the benefits and drawbacks of doing so (Engineer et al., 2018). The next sections concentrate on the methodology required to "smarten" a home.

???????A. Home Assessment

The first step in making a house smart is to conduct an evaluation. The necessity of assisting the elderly in maintaining their autonomy was stressed in eight research (see appendix table). This stage relies on earlier studies that examined the measurable needs of older people on a daily basis and aids in identifying possible concerns in the current housing stock. Every renovation venture must start with a thorough examination of the house. Checklists and virtual reality technology are two examples of more traditional and forward-thinking assessment procedures, respectively.

Using a checklist is the fastest and most reliable way to find hidden threats in homes. The breadth of the checklist is based on the objective. In a study conducted by Horowitz et al. (2013), they used the Home Safety Self-Assessment Tool (HSSAT) to identify 66 individual safety concerns in the following areas of the home: entryways, living rooms, kitchens, bedrooms, bathrooms, stairwells, and basements. They also offered some solutions. A reputable research-based method, Housing Enabler (HE) use checklists to evaluate a home's accessibility and potential modifications to make it more accessible (Haak et al., 2015). The primary problem with checklists is that they were designed for the average user without taking into consideration individual variances. The widespread use of augmented and virtual reality technology has rendered older approaches obsolete.

These tools might identify and visualise potentially harmful interior features, guiding users as they make important decisions. In fact, some cutting-edge programmes let potential buyers take a virtual tour of a remodelled house (Lo Bianco et al., 2016; Moussaoui et al., 2012). Assessment tools for the elderly often focus on these three areas of home life: It is possible to make interior places more accessible via structural changes, to reduce the time spent on regular chores through redesign, and to depend on technology assistance to carry out activities and compensate for lost capabilities (Braubach & Power, 2011; Chase et al., 2012).

Recent research has examined the role that changes in the elderly's home environment have in the progression of their functional deterioration. Many of the technologies that were used were considered "normal" in domestic settings.

One of the biggest issues is that people don't realise how much technology influences their daily life. Additionally, there may be structural issues or a lack of planning that makes installation of smart home systems more challenging in elderly citizens' houses (Normie, 2011). Therefore, before making any design or construction adjustments, it is crucial to determine whether or not the proposed smart technologies are compatible with the current house structures.

???????B. ???????Technology Selection

The senior population is as diverse as the general population in terms of living conditions, mobility restrictions, health issues, and individual preferences. When choosing a system that seeks to match user characteristics, keep these variations in mind at all times (Jännes et al., 2015). McCreadie and Tinker (2005) conclude that for smart technologies to obtain general adoption among the elderly, they must take into account the unique needs of this population and the restrictions imposed by their living situations. The characteristics of a given technology may have a significant impact on how well it performs. Compensatory needs of an ageing population must be studied and translated into selection criteria for matching appropriate technology. More people tend to accept smart technologies that have fewer design considerations, a smaller user effect, cheaper prices, and an easy-to-use interface (Chabot et al., 2019; Golant, 2017; Normie, 2011). According to Agree, using universal design is important for creating standardised tools and processes so that people of varying abilities may utilise them (2014). Lack of industry-wide standards for compatibility and interoperability of these goods is a key obstacle to the broad adoption of smart technologies (Jännes et al., 2015; Mohammadi, 2010; Normie, 2011; Phan & Kim, 2020). Until these issues are resolved, older people will struggle to adopt smart technologies that aren't widespread.

???????C. Design Strategy

Five studies examined the phases of introducing new technology into households, from ideation through testing (see appendix table). Röcker and Ziefe advocated fusing bio-signals, communication and interaction processes, and construction mechanisms with basic architectural components and building structure (2011). The interactive wall, smart for, and medical aid device that make up the smart homecare environment are ready for use immediately. Robotic micro-rooms (RmRs) were proposed in 2015 by Linner et al., and they don't need any kind of interior renovation.

The idea is inspired by the terminal-wall strategy, which entails integrating accessibility features into furniture in advance. Adjustable smart components may be simply "plug-and-play" installed into existing rooms, depending on the size of the three-dimensional area enclosed by the ceiling panel, the wall panels, and the floor panel. Integrated robotic furniture and equipment, such as robotic service walls, robotic cabinets, and ceiling robots, may make it simpler for seniors to go about their daily lives (Güttler et al., 2015). However, genuine retrofitting attempts for smart homes must address real-world issues. When inserting additional data channels inside of existent walls causes structural issues, the Smart Cottage pilot project in McKeesport, Pennsylvania (Behr et al., 2010) attempted to leverage wireless sensor technology as a solution.

This practise is used to keep interior spaces looking nice and tidy. In 2013, Moretti and colleagues released a study documenting their smart home system retrofitting efforts in an existing house. They designed bespoke brackets, took images of the region, drew up design drawings, printed the components, and tested the fit so that a few outside gadgets could be installed securely and traditionally (iteratively) without affecting the house's structure. Implementation of this universal customization strategy is slowed by the wide variety of home interior design.

???????D. User Evaluation

Maintaining elders' independence and quality of life in their own homes requires both architectural and technological interventions. Smart technology cannot replace the need for a physically comfortable environment (Carnemolla, 2018). During the user assessment phase, the efficacy of these treatments is validated and users' experiences are used to develop future processes. However, this study's approach has one major flaw: it depends almost entirely on anecdotal evidence, such as interviews and self-reports, rather than hard statistics (Cho et al., 2016). There needs to be further investigation into potential methods for preventing the transition from being derailed. It will take additional time, money, and effort to make sure the adapted house is an exact fit. The impact of technology and architectural changes on different types of residential building requires a methodical approach.

We looked at seven research that created or evaluated tools to assess changes in the living conditions of the elderly (see appendix table). Using three case studies in which elderly persons had smart technology installed in their homes, Carnemolla (2018) mapped the results, limitations, and implications of her Human/Activity/Space/Technology (HAST) model for ageing in place. Functional capability (human), care (activities), built environment (space), and smart technology were all included in this method of evaluating residential settings (technology). To help assess the usability of smart home gadgets for the elderly, Cho and Kim (2014) created a set of criteria for user interface design.

This framework was developed using five distinct approaches to measuring a location's quality of life. Environmental Audit Tool (EAT), Multi-Phasic Environmental Assessment Protocol (MEAP), Nursing Unit Rating Scale (NURS), and Professional Environmental Assessment Protocol (PEAP) assessments of residential settings for the elderly (EVOLVE). There were a total of twelve smart parts to the framework, of which six interacted with one another and six provided additional assistance. Gives us a new way to look at the built environment and a firm foundation on which to base our decisions on how to improve it.

In their 2013 study, "Smart Home Independent Residing" enabled by Intelligent Solutions (IRIS), Ocepek and colleagues used the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) to evaluate the effect of aging-in-place technologies on participants' independence and happiness. Semi-structured interviews were used in Renaut's (2015) study on retirement communities in France. The spatial organisation of the participants' homes and the integration of new technologies were the key research focuses.

The need of including elderly people in home renovation planning and execution was emphasised, as was the beneficial effect of even the simplest alterations. Six overarching themes were identified through semi-structured interviews in the Housing and Independent Living (HAIL) study (Mackenzie et al., 2015): housing choice, connection to location, financial issues, changes to the home over time, changes to transportation options, and anticipating the future. This research looked at the previous and future home improvement projects of homeowners over the age of 70. The significance of adaptations, gadgets, or assistive technology in the home was highlighted, as was the necessity of housing design in generating a suitable living environment. Lien et al. (2015) used the selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) model and the ecological theory of ageing to gain insight into the adaptive environmental behaviours that allow older adults to coexist peacefully with their homes (ETA). The findings of this study have the potential to be incorporated into standard procedures for house improvements. The first comprehensive national research on the prevalence of assistive technology and home modifications among MS patients in the United States was undertaken by Bishop et al (2015). Although MS patients are not the primary focus of this study, they are nevertheless a particularly susceptible population. Researchers classified the interior alterations based on the rooms or places they discovered using a qualitative analysis technique. This strategy is essential for a whole home makeover.

VI. PROBLEMS AND COUNTERMEASURES FOR INDEPENDENT LIVING

Sometimes, even healthy seniors have a hard time accepting the inevitable effects of ageing. Reducing physical capacity makes it harder to do ADLs and IADLs (Ravishankar et al., 2015). It's irresponsible to restrict an elderly person's independence. Identifying and eliminating hazards in people' houses is one technique to foster independent living in a realistic manner. Avoiding falls and having easy access to services were two of the eight studies examined as potential threats to older people' independence (see appendix table).

Several of them demonstrated the breadth and depth of changes to the house that impact the daily life of older persons and the potential consequences to their independence. The impact and possibilities of these treatments in home settings are presently being explored, although it is possible that both house alterations and smart technology may increase independence. Those over 65 who live alone have an increased chance of falling, which may have life-altering effects. Most people think of a fall as any incident in which one makes unintentional contact with the ground, a floor, or a lower level (Lamb et al., 2005). If they don't obtain medical help immediately after the falls, bad things might happen. The risk of serious injury or death from a fall is highest for those over the age of 65. The population of those 65 and over has been decreasing at a rate of 30 percent every year in recent years. The evidence supports this assumption (Chase et al., 2012). In the home, most often on the stairs, falls account for half of all fall-related injuries. Potential fall dangers exist in the home setting. Approximately 40% of homes face five or more potential dangers, and 80% face at least one actual danger (Carter et al., 2000; Pynoos et al., 2010).

While several research focused on the risks of falls among the elderly, only five examined interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence of falls among this demographic (see appendix table). Methods that attempt to improve the elderly's physical function include increasing exercise intensity and making indoor improvements. An evaluation of the current indoor environment is the first step in making changes to it. The findings of using checklists to evaluate the many dangers present in the typical American household are not usually immediately evident. These cutting-edge tools, made possible by the development of augmented reality (AR), can scan and discover problem areas, making it simpler for elderly people to accept the home remodelling design (Lo Bianco et al., 2016).

While there is no way to completely eliminate the risk of falling while performing daily tasks, studies in the literature provide a number of strategies for improving indoor safety, such as universal design (which aims to reduce indoor barriers and improve the versatility of structures and spaces to facilitate functional expansion and installation), optional fittings (which involve the addition of architectural components like handrails, ramps, and stairlifts that protect for falls), and more (Chabot et al., 2019; Lo Bianco et al., 2015; Pynoos et al., 2010). In the study of "smart" homes, the idea of accessibility has been developed further. Accessibility is studied from several angles, including its physicality, cost, technology, and impact on the mind (Lê et al., 2012). The cornerstone of self-sufficiency, especially for the elderly population with limited mobility, is physical accessibility. When discussing buildings, the phrase "physical accessibility" usually refers to how easy it is for persons of a specific age to move about within and utilise the different features. Many aspects of a building's design, from the big picture down to the tiniest of details, contribute to its degree of accessibility. These aspects include its spatial articulation, compactness, accessible space for movement, number of floors, and open plan (Van Steenwinkel et al., 2017).

In order to properly implement and operate the assistive and smart technologies of the future, enough interior space will be required. Questions about the practical applicability of smart technology for the elderly and the general acceptance of new technologies are receiving more attention from researchers. The question of how readily older persons with mobility issues can move about in various home types has received little attention from academics. Moussaoui et al. recommended using VR for a personalised home accessibility inspection (2012).

Wheelchair and walker users were put through a battery of mobility and gripping tests. They utilised virtual reality technology to imagine how things would change after the environment was altered and the elderly had more autonomy over their living conditions. Their findings laid forth a strategy for incorporating virtual reality (VR) into traditional architectural practises. Potential technological application scenarios should be simulated and analysed throughout the planning phases of a smart home upgrade.

VII. DISCUSSIONS

A. Summary and Findings

Smart technology development has exploded over the last decade, creating a thriving industry. True age-friendly smart homes have not yet entered the market (Helal et al., 2012; Peruzzini & Germani, 2016). Since smart homes have the potential to increase inhabitants' safety and freedom while decreasing the amount of help required, they are more enticing to elders. The broad use of "smart" gadgets, however, is falling short of expectations (Arthanat et al., 2019). Designers and users alike still choose tried-and-true aids like grab bars, rails, and stairlifts when adapting homes for ageing in place. Constraints to smart home transformation stem from factors including high cost, poor trust, stigmatisation, maintenance, and ethical challenges associated with smart technology deployment (Mohammadi, 2010; Robillard et al., 2017; Storey, 2011; Wang et al., 2019; Wong et al., 2017). This study demonstrates the importance of the following tactics:

1. Before implementing smart technologies, take into account their compatibility with the existing home's layout, construction, and materials;
2. minimise disruptions to the original living space of older adults; and
3. use extensible technologies and design to lessen the need for frequent home modifications.

Following universal design principles makes it easy and inexpensive to add or alter a home's structure in order to make it suitable for ageing in place. However, smart home integration will increase complexity throughout the design and building phases. Depending on the location, structure, and design of a building, smart technology may have a major visual and aural influence on the inside. This is because the technology needs dedicated floor space for installation and operation (Bitterman & Shach-Pinsly, 2015).

Most research done so far has concentrated on hypothetical applications of technology. Design and technology implementation in real-world residential settings may not always be consistent with one another due to a variety of barriers (Allameh and Heidari, 2013). For instance, certain light sensors are designed to be fitted inside or below artificial ceilings. However, some customers have chosen to lower the sensor's accuracy by installing it on top of the wardrobe in order to preserve the ceilings looking lovely. Building materials, surface reflectivity, and interior impediments like reinforced walls are all potential problems for indoor localization and signal reception on smart devices (Labonnote & Hyland, 2017; Schikhof et al., 2010).

Therefore, if the preexisting home environment is not thoroughly considered, the results of installing and employing new technology may fall short of expectations. Recent research implies that the ability to employ smart technologies inconspicuously increases their likelihood of widespread adoption (Kim et al., 2013; Ravishankar et al., 2015). These advancements make it possible for seniors to remain in the comfort of their own homes as long as they choose to do so. Smart technology is increasingly becoming an afterthought rather than a selling point in the home (Kim et al., 2013; Linner et al., 2012).

The implementation of any smart technology into a product or venue shouldn't compromise its visual appeal (Mohammadi, 2010). On the other hand, other academics believe that smart technology will eventually be built into dwellings rather than concealed from view. Plug-and-play, as proposed by Güttler et al. (2015) and Linner et al. (2015), simplifies the procedures involved in setting up new technology and renovating a house (2015).

It's obvious that both of these points of view are correct. The "hiding" and "plug n' play" techniques were developed to reduce the hassle and disruption caused by house renovations. The only determining element is how well people embrace new technologies, which in turn impacts how much technology is woven into daily life and how happy people are. Any alterations made to a smart house, from the initial design to the final installation, must adhere consistently to the owner's preferences. Aging is a dynamic process. According to Lê et al. (2012), an individual-specific adaptation paradigm is lacking in the area of smart home design for the elderly. According to Helal and Bull (2019), adaptable and dynamic smart home technology is necessary to fulfil the diverse and shifting demands of the elderly. Because of the natural loss in functioning that comes with becoming older, it is essential that the elderly have access to individualised support, such as assistive technology and home adaptations, for as long as they are able to do so safely and comfortably (Remillard et al., 2019). Therefore, for the smart home modification design plan to work in the long term, it has to consider the specifics of senior people's lives and the houses they live in. The house should be updated to correct any issues and be adaptable enough for the homeowners to continue living there even as their requirements change. Since the elderly often find out too late that their residence poses a danger to them. It may be simpler to make changes to a home before it is declared "unsuitable" if the remodelling technique can be prolonged. With the fast advancements in smart technology, it is also necessary to design for the replacement and upgrading of smart home components in the future.

B. Limitations

There are a number of caveats to this study. Despite our thorough search strategy and expanded search parameters, we only found 33 papers that were relevant to the subject of this systematic review. The term "smart home modification" describes a new area of study that draws from several disciplines. There aren't many ways for seniors to have a smart home right now, which is unfortunate. Only around a quarter of the 33 research made use of pre-production or market-ready instruments (see appendix table). Second, a theme analysis approach was used since there were so many contrasting viewpoints in the existing literature. Not all of the featured articles described architectural studies. Some experiments made use of technology, but not with the intention of assisting older people in continuing to live independently. Third, several new idioms specific to technological fields have appeared in recent years. In this study, we collected and defined the most often used phrases from the current literature. The fourth stage included drafting a comprehensive design strategy for the smart house update, defining the smart home scenario, and summarising the present research path. Further study and use of the framework are required to verify it.

C. Implications for Practice

Smart house adaptation for the elderly is more concerned with ability compensation than is typical of traditional architectural design. It's user-focused, with the caveat that it takes the building's framework into account.

Despite the fact that this study covered the fundamental design process, set of tools, and core design elements, more work is needed to properly comprehend and analyse the unique situations of individuals and their living settings. Otherwise, it's tough to ensure the outcomes of a home improvement project. Some older people may even have their quality of life decline as a result of renovations (Thomése & van Groenou, 2006; Trecartin & Cummings, 2018).

Another difficulty for designers and consumers comes from the plethora of smart technology-related words, devices, and protocols. Low adoption rates and user confusion result from a lack of technology convergence and widespread fragmentation (Phan & Kim, 2020). To appropriately match the capabilities of smart technologies and systems to user needs, a clear and complete categorization standard must be developed. Technological architectural criteria such as operating area, building amenities, and installation location may guide the design of the adaption. The elderly are more likely to accept a piece of technology if it is simple to use and apply.

D. Future Research

The bulk of the included investigations were theoretical in nature and were performed under ideal settings. Much more study is required to determine the impact of smart technology and architectural changes on the health of the elderly (Hammink et al., 2019). More real-world initiatives are required to gather enough information on applications and real-world user experiences, to spot flaws in design and execution in the wild, and to speed up the adoption of smart technology in the housing market. Home automation and other forms of smart technology may soon become more than simply a fad, and may really stimulate new advancements in the construction business. The benefits of smart homes will extend well beyond their primary function as a place to sleep. Input from its users will be used to operate and manage the dwellings. Future research will need to provide a variety of strategies for designing "intelligent" houses for the elderly. These approaches will have to think about how the home's construction, modern conveniences, and inhabitants all work together (Lee & Kim, 2020).

Conclusion

This article provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in smart home modification design, explains how it is used in the home setting, and analyses the challenges of and potential solutions to independent living. Several forms of state-of-the-art technology are now on the market and might be installed in the homes of elderly people. Not only do smart devices form an integral part of the smart home, but so do other goods, pieces of furniture, and even infrastructure in the home environment. User-centered design techniques may guide the selection and installation of these auxiliary technologies in residential settings. Universal design is an important design principle for creating barrier-free smart home environments. However, due to the diversity of individuals and the inherent uniqueness of each home, universal design is limited in its capacity to inform the assessment of housing needs, the choice of assistive technologies, the development of an integrated design, and the conduct of user evaluations. To successfully age in place, a person needs both a tailored strategy for making modifications and an adaptable living space that can grow as their needs do. The approaches for creating and renovating smart homes will need to be researched and validated in future transdisciplinary initiatives.

References

[1] Abou Allaban, A., Wang, M., & Pad?r, T. (2020). A systematic review of robotics research in support of in-home care for older adults. Information, 11(2), [2] Balakrishnan, S., Vasudavan, H., & Murugesan, R. K. (2018, December). Smart home technologies: A preliminary review. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information Technology: IoT and Smart City (pp. 120-127). [3] Carnemolla, P. (2018). Ageing in place and the internet of things–how smart home technologies, the built environment and caregiving intersect. Visualization in Engineering, 6(1), 1-16. [4] Choi, D., Choi, H., & Shon, D. (2019). Future changes to smart home based on AAL healthcare service. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 18(3), 190-199. [5] Deeba, K., & Saravanaguru, R. K. (2018, June). Context-aware healthcare system based on iot-smart home caregivers system (shcs). In 2018 Second International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS) (pp. 1204-1208). IEEE. [6] Ghasemi, F., Rezaee, A., & Rahmani, A. M. (2019). Structural and behavioral reference model for IoT?based elderly health?care systems in smart home. International Journal of Communication Systems, 32(12), e4002. [7] Jabbar, W. A., Alsibai, M. H., Amran, N. S. S., & Mahayadin, S. K. (2018, June). Design and implementation of IoT-based automation system for smart home. In 2018 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC) (pp. 1-6). IEEE. [8] Jafri, S. R. A., Hamid, T., Mahmood, R., Alam, M. A., Rafi, T., Ul Haque, M. Z., & Munir, M. W. (2019). Wireless brain computer interface for smart home and medical system. Wireless Personal Communications, 106(4), 2163-2177. [9] Lee, L. N., & Kim, M. J. (2020). A critical review of smart residential environments for older adults with a focus on pleasurable experience. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 3080. [10] Marikyan, D., Papagiannidis, S., & Alamanos, E. (2019). A systematic review of the smart home literature: A user perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 138, 139-154. [11] Monteriù, A., Prist, M. R., Frontoni, E., Longhi, S., Pietroni, F., Casaccia, S., ... & Revel, G. M. (2018). A smart sensing architecture for domestic monitoring: Methodological approach and experimental validation. Sensors, 18(7), 2310. [12] Mostafa, S. A., Gunasekaran, S. S., Mustapha, A., Mohammed, M. A., & Abduallah, W. M. (2019, July). Modelling an adjustable autonomous multi-agent internet of things system for elderly smart home. In International conference on applied human factors and ergonomics (pp. 301-311). Springer, Cham. [13] Pal, D., Funilkul, S., Vanijja, V., & Papasratorn, B. (2018). Analyzing the elderly users’ adoption of smart-home services. IEEE access, 6, 51238-51252. [14] Paul, C., Ganesh, A., & Sunitha, C. (2018, January). An overview of IoT based smart homes. In 2018 2nd International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC) (pp. 43-46). IEEE. [15] Plantevin, V., Bouzouane, A., Bouchard, B., & Gaboury, S. (2019). Towards a more reliable and scalable architecture for smart home environments. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 10(7), 2645-2656. [16] Sepasgozar, S., Karimi, R., Farahzadi, L., Moezzi, F., Shirowzhan, S., M. Ebrahimzadeh, S., ... & Aye, L. (2020). A systematic content review of artificial intelligence and the internet of things applications in smart home. Applied Sciences, 10(9), 3074. [17] Shukla, V. K., & Singh, B. (2019, February). Conceptual framework of smart device for smart home management based on RFID and IoT. In 2019 Amity International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AICAI) (pp. 787-791). IEEE. [18] Sokullu, R., Akka?, M. A., & Demir, E. (2020). IoT supported smart home for the elderly. Internet of Things, 11, 100239. [19] Stavrotheodoros, S., Kaklanis, N., Votis, K., & Tzovaras, D. (2018, May). A smart-home IoT infrastructure for the support of independent living of older adults. In IFIP international conference on artificial intelligence applications and innovations (pp. 238-249). Springer, Cham. [20] Vishwakarma, S. K., Upadhyaya, P., Kumari, B., & Mishra, A. K. (2019, April). Smart energy efficient home automation system using IoT. In 2019 4th international conference on internet of things: Smart innovation and usages (IoT-SIU) (pp. 1-4). IEEE. [21] Agree, E. M. (2014). The potential for technology to enhance independence for those aging with a disability. Disability and Health Journal, 7(1 SUPPL), S33–S39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2013.09.004 [22] Ahrentzen, S., & Tural, E. (2015). The role of building design and interiors in ageing actively at home. Building Research and Information, 43(5), 582–601. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2015.1056336 [23] Allameh, E., Jozam, M.H., Vries, B.D., Timmermans, H., & Masoud, M. (2013). Smart Homes from vision to reality: eliciting users’ preferences of Smart Homes by a virtual experimental method. [24] Arthanat, S., Wilcox, J., & Macuch, M. (2019). Profles and predictors of smart home technology adoption by older adults. OTJR Occupation, Participation and Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/1539449218 813906 [25] Azimi, I., Rahmani, A. M., Liljeberg, P., & Tenhunen, H. (2017). Internet of things for remote elderly monitoring: A study from user-centered perspective. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 8(2), 273–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-016-0387-y [26] Bamzar, R. (2019). Assessing the quality of the indoor environment of senior housing for a better mobility: A Swedish case study. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10901-018-9623-4 [27] Beech, B. R., and Roberts, D. (2008). Assistive technology and older people. SCIE Research Briefng, 28(August), 1–12. Retrieved from http://www.scie.org.uk/publications/briefings/briefing28/ [28] Behr, R., Sciegaj, M., Walters, R., Bertoty, J., & Dungan, R. (2010). Addressing the housing challenges of an aging population: initiatives by blueroof technologies in McKeesport Pennsylvania. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 17(4), 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ae.1943-5568.0000033 [29] Bishop, M., Dennis, K. L., Bishop, L. A., Sheppard-Jones, K., Bishop, F., & Frain, M. (2015). The prevalence and nature of modifed housing and assistive devices use among Americans with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 42(2), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-150732 [30] Bitterman, N., & Shach-Pinsly, D. (2015). Smart home - A challenge for architects and designers. Architectural Science Review, 58(3), 266–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2015.1034649 [31] Bouchard, K., Bouchard, B., and Bouzouane, A. (2014). Practical Guidelines to Build Smart Homes: Lessons Learned. [32] Braubach, M., & Power, A. (2011). Housing conditions and risk: Reporting on a European study of housing quality and risk of accidents for older people. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 25(3), 288–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763893.2011.595615 [33] Carnemolla, P. (2018). Ageing in place and the internet of things – how smart home technologies, the built environment and caregiving intersect. Visualization in Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s40327-018-0066-5 [34] Carnemolla, P., & Bridge, C. (2020). A scoping review of home modifcation interventions – Mapping the evidence base. Indoor and Built Environment, 29(3), 299–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X18 761112 [35] Carter, S. E., Campbell, E. M., Sanson-Fisher, R. W., & Gillespie, W. J. (2000). Accidents in older people living at home: A community-based study assessing prevalence, type, location and injuries. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 24(6), 633–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842X. 2000.tb00532.x [36] Chabot, M., Delaware, L., McCarley, S., Little, C., Nye, A., & Anderson, E. (2019). Living in place: The impact of smart technology. Current Geriatrics Reports. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13670-019-00296-4 [37] Chase, C. A., Mann, K., Wasek, S., & Arbesman, M. (2012). Systematic review of the efect of home modifcation and fall prevention programs on falls and the performance of community-dwelling older adults. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(3), 284–291. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2012.005017 [38] Cho, M. E., & Kim, M. J. (2014). Characterizing the interaction design in healthy smart home devices for the elderly. Indoor and Built Environment, 23(1), 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/14203 26X14521229 [39] Cho, H. Y., MacLachlan, M., Clarke, M., & Mannan, H. (2016). Accessible home environments for people with functional limitations: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080826 [40] de Klerk, M., Verbeek-Oudijk, D., Plaisier, I., and den Draak, M. (2019). Zorgen voor thuiswonende ouderen, 103. [41] De Vries, B., Allameh, E., and Heidari Jozam, M. (2012). Smart-BIM (Building Information Modeling). 2012 Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium of Automation and Robotics in Construction, ISARC 2012, (June). doi: https://doi.org/10.4017/gt.2012.11.02.044.00 [42] Demiris, G., Skubic, M., Rantz, M. J., Courtney, K. L., Aud, M. A., Tyrer, H. W., & Lee, J. (2006). Facilitating interdisciplinary design specifcation of “smart” homes for aging in place. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 124, 45–50. [43] Dewsbury, G., Rouncefeld, M., Clarke, K., & Sommerville, I. (2004). Depending on digital design: Extending inclusivity. Housing Studies., 19(5), 811–825. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267303042 000249224 [44] Ding, D., Cooper, R. A., Pasquina, P. F., & Fici-pasquina, L. (2011). Maturitas Sensor technology for smart homes. Maturitas, 69(2), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.03.016 [45] Durick, J., & Leung, L. (2018). Designing augmented, domestic environments to support ageing in place. In J. Huber, R. Shilkrot, P. Maes, & S. Nanayakkara (Eds.), Assistive Augmentation (pp. 117–129). Singapore: Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6404-3_7 [46] Engineer, A., Sternberg, E. M., & Najaf, B. (2018). Designing interiors to mitigate physical and cognitive defcits related to aging and to promote longevity in older adults: A review. Gerontology, 85721, 612–622. https://doi.org/10.1159/000491488 [47] Frisardi, V., & Imbimbo, B. P. (2011). Gerontechnology for demented patients: Smart homes for smart aging. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 23(1), 143–146. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-101599 [48] Gabriel, M., Stirling, C., Faulkner, D., & Lloyd, B. (2014). Future housing and support needs of people with dementia, AHURI Positioning Paper No. 159, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Limited, Melbourne, https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/position-papers/159 [49] Gibson, G., Dickinson, C., Brittain, K., & Robinson, L. (2015). The everyday use of assistive technology by people with dementia and their family carers: A qualitative study. BMC Geriatrics. https://doi. org/10.1186/s12877-015-0091-3 [50] Gobbens, R. J. J., & Van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2018). Associations of environmental factors with quality of life in older adults. The Gerontologist, 58(1), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx051

Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Aashi Singh Bhadouria, Ishan Singh Bhadouria, Vanshika Patel, Akshat Upasani. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.