Abstract

This study presents the structural analysis of a reinforced concrete (RCC) box culvert with dimensions 1m x 2m x 1.5m, subjected to varying cushion loadings of 0.770m, 1.010m, and 1.200m, using STAAD.Pro software. The analysis focuses on both Ultimate Limit State (ULS) and Serviceability Limit State (SLS) criteria to ensure the structural integrity and durability of the culvert. For ULS, load combinations include dead load, live load, earth pressure, and cushion load, assessing the culvert\'s capacity to withstand maximum expected loads without failure. The study evaluates bending moments, shear forces, and ensures that the flexural and shear strengths of the culvert are within permissible limits. Results indicate that even under the highest cushion loading, the culvert design remains robust with appropriate reinforcement. For SLS, the analysis incorporates quasi-permanent load combinations to evaluate deflections and crack widths, ensuring the structure\'s functionality and aesthetic durability under normal service conditions. Deflections and crack widths for all cushion depths were found to be within acceptable limits, demonstrating the culvert\'s ability to maintain serviceability and resist long-term degradation. Overall, the analysis confirms that the RCC box culvert, when designed according to the principles of ULS and SLS, achieves a balance between safety, functionality, and durability, ensuring reliable performance over its service life.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Box culverts are like the sturdy backbone of bridges, especially handy when roads or railways need to cross over high embankments or streams with a gentle flow. When the water flow in a drain or channel is minimal and the ground isn't too strong, a box culvert fits the bill perfectly for building a bridge. These culverts are essentially reinforced concrete boxes with square or rectangular openings, typically used for spans up to 4 meters, and usually not exceeding 3 meters in height. Design of box culverts so practical is their strength and the fact that they're built all in one go, without needing separate foundations. They just sit right on the soil, like a slab on the ground. For smaller water flows, a single-cell box culvert does the job, but when things get heavier, you bring in the multi-cell ones. While designing the box culvert: we assure the top slab can handle all sorts of weight, from vehicles driving over it to the pressure from the earth and water around it. The design process involves treating the structure like a rigid frame, using a method called moment distribution to figure out how the moments are distributed across the slab and walls.

Now, there are some details that designer’s debate about, like how deep the cushion should be, what the earth pressure coefficient should be, or how wide the live load dispersion should be. But getting these details right is crucial for making sure the bridge is safe and sound. So, we take our time studying how things like the cushion, earth pressure, and load dispersion angle affect the design, making sure we've got all our bases covered for building a solid structure that people can rely on.

II. OBJECTIVES

1. Evaluate Structural Integrity: To assess the structural integrity of an RCC box culvert under varying cushion loadings, ensuring it meets safety standards.
2. Determine Ultimate Limit State (ULS) Capacity: To analyze the culvert's ability to withstand maximum expected loads without failure, focusing on bending moments and shear forces.
3. Assess Serviceability Limit State (SLS) Performance: To evaluate deflections and crack widths, ensuring the culvert's functionality and durability under normal service conditions.
4. Validate Design Compliance: To confirm that the culvert design adheres to relevant engineering standards and codes, ensuring a balance between safety and serviceability.
5. Provide Design Recommendations: To offer practical recommendations for the design and construction of RCC box culverts, based on the analysis of structural performance and durability.

III. METHODOLOGY

All tasks will be executed manually, with reliance on Staad pro software. Subsequently, various loading scenarios, including Class 70 (R) will be systematically addressed with and without cushion cases. The analytical process will guide the study towards the result and conclusion section.

The methodology entails the following approach:

1. Case Selection: Different loading types, including Class 70 (R), will be considered for analysis.
2. Analysis: The modeling and analysis of the bridge will be performed using manual calculations. The bridge under investigation is a box culvert bridge.
3. Design Loads: Design loads will adhere to the specifications outlined in IRC 6.
4. Comparison: Utilizing Staad-pro software, the box culvert bridge will be designed, and the results obtained will be manually compared.

Methodology involves manual execution of all tasks, including analysis and comparison, without software assistance. The process will ensure accuracy and reliability in the assessment of the box culvert bridge's performance under different loading conditions.

A. Design Steps

1) Detailed Case Selection

1. Identify Loading Scenarios: Select and document various loading scenarios, including Class 70 (R) with and without cushion cases.
2. Define Parameters: Clearly define the parameters and variables for each loading scenario to ensure consistent analysis.

2) Manual Analysis

Perform Manual Calculations: Conduct manual calculations for the box culvert bridge using the defined loading scenarios. This includes:

1. Calculating design loads as per IRC 6 specifications.
2. Determining structural responses, such as moments, shears, and deflections.

3) Software Analysis

1. Model in STAAD Pro: Create a detailed model of the box culvert bridge in STAAD Pro, incorporating all relevant parameters and loading scenarios.
2. Run Simulations: Perform simulations to analyze the structural response under various conditions.
3. Extract Results: Gather and organize the results from the STAAD Pro simulations for comparison.

4) Comparison of Results

1. Cross-Verification: Compare the manual calculation results with the STAAD Pro analysis results.
2. Identify Discrepancies: Document and analyze any discrepancies between the manual and software results.
3. Validation: Validate the accuracy of the STAAD Pro model based on the manual calculations.

5) Documentation

1. Prepare Reports: Compile detailed reports documenting the methodology, analysis, and findings.
2. Include Visuals: Use diagrams, charts, and tables to illustrate the structural responses and comparisons.
3. Summarize Findings: Provide a comprehensive summary of the findings, highlighting key insights and conclusions.

6) Review and Revision

1. Peer Review: Have the methodology, analysis, and findings reviewed by peers or experts in the field to ensure accuracy and validity.
2. Revise as Needed: Make any necessary revisions based on feedback received during the review process.

7) Conclusion and Recommendations

1. Conclude Study: Write a conclusion summarizing the study's findings and their implications for the design and performance of box culvert bridges.
2. Provide Recommendations: Offer recommendations for future studies or practical applications based on the study's results.

8) Presentation

1. Prepare Presentation: Develop a presentation summarizing the study's methodology, analysis, findings, and conclusions.
2. Present Findings: Present the findings to relevant stakeholders, such as engineers, project managers, or academic peers.

By following these next steps, the study will progress in a structured and organized manner, ensuring thorough analysis and accurate conclusions regarding the performance of the box culvert bridge under different loading conditions.

Table 1 Design Calculations of Box Culvert of Size 1 x 2 x 1.5

Figure No. 1 Box Culvert with Cushion thickness 0.777m

Figure No. 2 Box Culvert with Cushion thickness 1.010m

Figure No. 3 Box Culvert with Cushion thickness 1.200m

IV. RESULT & DISCUSSION

Graph No.3 Bending Moment for Bottom Slab

Graph 7 Node Displacement in Downwards Directions of top slab

Graph 8 Support reactions

Conclusion

The analysis of the RCC box culvert with varying cushion depths (0.770m, 1.000m, and 1.200m) using STAAD Pro has provided valuable insights into the structural behavior under different loading conditions. The comparative evaluation of bending moments and shear forces at critical sections of the top slab, side walls, and bottom slab has revealed the following key findings.

References

[1] Dubey, S., Tiwari, G., Jha, A. K., Kumar, B., & Misra, R. (2022). Study The Behaviour of Box Type Bridge with Different Height and Same Width for the IRC Loadings. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 10(11), ISSN: 2321-9653. [2] Pandey, P. K., Jha, A. K., & Parihar, R. S. (2022). Comparative Analysis of Box Culvert with Cushion and without Cushion Using Staad Pro. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD), Volume 6 Issue 5, July-August 2022, Page 1946. [3] Jain, P., & Suryawanshi, S. R. (2022). A Review Paper on Analysis and Design of Precast Box Culvert Bridge. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume 09, Issue 03, March 2022, Page 1182. e-ISSN: 2395-0056, p-ISSN: 2395-0072. [4] Jain, A., & Rathore, M. (2022). Analysis and Design of Box Culvert using STAAD-Pro Software. JETIR (Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research), Volume 9, Issue 5, May 2022, c103. [5] Sakore, D. R., Makarande, S. G., Sakalecha, P. P., & Kakpure, R. K. (2022). Hydrological Study and Design of Box Culvert with Comparative Study with and without Cushion Loading. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT), Volume 2, Issue 1, May 2022. [6] Kamaraju, K. K. (2021). POINTS TO BE NOTED WHILE DOING DPR FOR HILLY TERRAIN ROAD PROJECT - CASE STUDY. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 12(4), pp. 50-61, Article ID: IJCIET_12_04_004. [7] Arya, C., & Joshi, J. (2021). Study of a Road Widening Project in Hilly Region and Its Impact on Environment: Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), Volume 9, Issue 6, June 2021, ISSN: 2320-2882, Article ID: IJCRT2106579. [8] Kushwaha, S., Kesharwani, T., Shukla, U., Kumar, U., & Verma, H. (2020). A Review Paper on Analysis and Design of Box Culvert using STAAD Pro. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), 8(8), ISSN: 2320-2882.pp 397-400 [9] Ali, A. M. (2020). Manual RC Box Culvert Analysis and Designing. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2020. ISSN No: 2456-2165. IJISRT20AUG018 [10] Patel, R., & Jamle, S. (2019). Analysis and Design of Box Culvert: A Review. International Journal for Research in Engineering Application & Management (IJREAM), Vol-05, Issue-01, April 2019, pp. 266. [11] Vasu Shekhar Tanwar, M.P Verma, Sagar Jamle (2018),\" Analytic study of box culvert to reduce bending moments and displacements values\" International journal of current engineering technology, ISSN no.(o) 2277-4106, ISSN no.(p) 2347-5161, Vol.08, Issue-03, p.p. 762-764. [12] Vasu Shekhar Tanwar, M.P Verma, Sagar Jamle (2018),\"Analysis of box culvert to reduce stress value\" International journal of advanced engineering & science, ISSN no.(o) 2456-1908, ISSN no.(p) 2349- 6495, Vol.05, Issue-05, p. p 01-04. [13] Polra, A. R., Chandresha, S. P., & Parikh, K. B. (2017). A Review Paper on Analysis and Cost-Comparison of Box Culvert for Different Aspect Ratio of Cell. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), Volume-44 Number-3, February 2017, ISSN: 2231-5381, Page 112 [14] Patil, A. D., & Galatage, A. A. (2016). Analysis of Box Culvert under Cushion Loading. International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology, 3(6), DOI: 10.17148/IARJSET.2016.3631. [15] Afzal Hamif Sharif (2016), \"Review paper on analysis and design of railway box bridge\" International journal of scientific development & research, ISSN no.2455- 2631, Vol.01, Issue-07, p.p. 204-207. [16] Kolate, N., Mathew, M., & Mali, S. (2014). Analysis and Design of RCC Box Culvert. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 5(12), ISSN 2229-5518.

Copyright

Copyright © 2024 Kajal Kushwah, Mahroof Ahmade , Tarun Sankle . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.