Analysis Report on Artificial Oxygenated System: A Report

Abstract

As we know that nowadays, air pollution is increasing because of gases present in the atmosphere. Gases such as Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Carbon Monoxide are increasing rapidly. So, Air Quality Index is not upto the health mark. So, it is definite that we would be having more breathing problem in the future. There would be the time when we won’t be able to get any oxygen on this planet. So, Our main motive is to reduces such harmful gases and purify the oxygen artificially.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Pollution, release into the atmosphere of various gases, finely divided   solids, or finely  dispersed liquid aerosols at rates that  exceed the natural capacity of the   environment to dissipate and dilute or absorb them. These  substances  may    reach concentrations in the air that  cause undesirable health, economic, or aesthetic effects.

Clean, dry  air  consists primarily of nitrogen and oxygen—78  percent and 21 percent respectively, by volume. The   remaining 1 percent is a mixture of other gases, mostly   argon (0.9 percent), along with trace (very small)  amounts of carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen, helium,  and more. Water vapour is also  a normal,  though quite variable, component of the   atmosphere, normally ranging from 0.01 to 4 percent  by volume; under very humid conditions the moisture  content of air may be as high as 5 percent.

There are six major   air pollutants that have been designated by the  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)  as “criteria” pollutants—criteria meaning  that the concentrations of these pollutants af in the atmosphere are useful as indicators  of overall air quality.

The gaseous criteria  air pollutants of primary concern in urban settings  include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and  carbon monoxide; these are emitted directly into the  air from fossil fuels such as fuel oil, gasoline, and anatural gas that are burned in power plants, automobiles,  and other combustion sources. Ozone (a key  component of smog) is also a gaseous pollutant; it forms  in the atmosphere via complex chemical reactions  occurring between nitrogen dioxide aand various volatile organic compounds   (e.g., gasoline vapours).

Airborne suspensions of    extremely small solid or liquid particles called “particulates”   (e.g., soot, dust, smokes, fumes, mists), especially those  less than 10 micrometres (μm; millionths of a metre) in  size, are significant air pollutants because of their very    harmful effects on  human health.  Except for lead, criteria   pollutants are emitted in industrialized countries at   very high rates, typically measured in millions of tons   per year. All except ozone are discharged directly  into the atmosphere from a wide variety of sources. They  are regulated primarily by establishing ambient air  quality standards, which are af maximum acceptable concentrations of each  criteria pollutant in the atmosphere, regardless  of its origin. Although pure water is rarely  found in nature (because of the strong tendency of  water to dissolve other substances), the characterization  of water quality (i.e., clean or polluted) is a function  of the intended use of the water. For example, water  that is clean enough for swimming and fishing may  not be clean enough for drinking and cooking. Water aquality standards (limits on the amount of impurities  allowed in water intended for a particular use) provide a  legal framework for the prevention of water pollution of all types.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY: ARTIFICIAL OXYGENATED SYSTEM

Thermal gases, or GHGs, are  composite gases or longwave rays in the atmosphere. The  main GHGs, also called thermal gases,  are CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, hence af gaseous gases.

Pollution is becoming  a major environmental issue in terms of energy efficiency  and carbon emissions. the following are the key  factors that have enabled Artificial Oxygenated  Ecosystem. in this way, organizations can reduce  carbon emissions by at least 30-40%.

Cheuk-Yiu Ng gave a  new challenge in the field  of  science,  as the oxygen  will not going to be forever here so there is a theory  of making artificial oxygen to make it by gases or some  other chemical substances.

Edward Schwieterman  (astrologist, UC) originally proposed a similar way    of detecting high concentrations of oxygen    from nonliving processes and was a member of the    team that developed this technique.

"Oxygen is one of the  most exciting molecules  to detect because of its link with  life, but we don't know if life is the only cause of aoxygen in an atmosphere," Schwieterman said. "This technique  will allow us to find oxygen in planets aboth living and dead.

Even though scientists think  plants produced most of the oxygen present on Earth, they  suspected some oxygen may have existed before photosynthetic organisms arose, said  Cheuk-Yiu Ng, a physical chemist at the University of  California, Davis, and co-author of the study  published today (Oct. 2) in the journal Science.

But, it was thought   that the  planet's  oxygen (O2) formed from two oxygen  atoms   colliding     and combining on some surface, not because the oxygen molecules split from  carbon dioxide (CO2), Ng said.

"This machine is unique  in the world," Ng said.

When the researchers shone  the first laser on the carbon dioxide, the second laser  detected  O2  molecules and carbon atoms, suggesting aa small amount of   carbon dioxide (about 5 percent) was turned  into oxygen. Though small, that's enough to show athat it's possible  to  produce oxygen from CO2 by  a nonbiological process,  Ng said.

Finally, the researchers  hinted that it may  be  possible  to use this technique to make oxygen in  space  or  on    other planets.  Bu t first  , more   studies  are   needed   to   verify the fundamentals of how this reaction aoccurs, the scientists said. One reason the experiment ahadn't been done before is because  of   the   difficulty   of acreating   intense  vacuum ultraviolet   light,  Ng  said.  One  way  is to  use  a  particle accelerator called a synchrotron,  but the laser in Ng's lab is 10,000 to 1 million times abrighter than those produced by existing synchrotrons, he said.

Here is a chart representing  carbon emissions in several countries:

A. Why Artificial Oxygen?

As we know that nowadays, air pollution is increasing because of gases present in the atmosphere. Gases such as Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Carbon Monoxide are increasing rapidly. So, Air Quality Index is not upto the health mark. So, it is definite that we would be having more breathing problem in the future. There would be the time when we won’t be able to get any oxygen on this planet. So, for the basic survival, we need to make sure that we have enough oxygen on our planet so that we could just make our artificial environment. In near future, it can be clearly visible that we will be needed the artificial oxygen real quick as most of the oxygen get polluted already.

B. Major Air Pollutants

Very small fragments of solid materials or liquid droplets suspended in air are called particulates. Except for airborne lead, which is treated as a separate category, they are characterized on the basis of size and phase (i.e., solid or liquid) rather than by chemical composition. For example, solid particulates between roughly 1 and 100 μm in diameter are called dust particles, whereas airborne solids less than 1 μm in diameter are called fumes.

Here are some pollutants

1. Carbon Monoxide
2. Nitrogen Oxide or Oxides
3. Sulphur Dioxide
4. Ozone

The particulates of most concern with regard to their effects on human health are solids less than 10 μm in diameter, because they can be inhaled deep into the lungs and become trapped in the lower respiratory system. Certain  particulates,  such  as   asbestos  fibres, are known carcinogens (cancer causing agents), and many carbonaceous particulate s—e.g., soot—are suspected of  being carcinogenic. Major sources   of particulate emissions include fossil-fuel power plants, manufacturing   processes, fossil-fuel   residential heating systems, and gasoline-powered vehicles.

Carbon monoxide is an odorless, invisible gas formed as  a  result  of  incomplete  combustion. It is  the  most abundant  of  the  criteria pollutants. Gasoline-powered highway  vehicles  are  the  primary  source,   although residential heating systems and certain industrial processes also  emit  significant  amounts  of  this  gas.  Power plants emit relatively little carbon monoxide because they  are  carefully  designed  and  operated  to maximize combustion efficiency. Exposure to carbon monoxide can be acutely harmful since it readily displaces oxygen in the bloodstream, leading to asphyxiation at high enough concentrations and exposure times. 

C. Sulphur and Nitrogen Oxide Emission

III. SOURCES AND RISKS OF POLLUTANTS

IV. INNOVATION

A. Artificial Oxygen Techniques

Manufacturing Process

Most commercial oxygen is produced using a variation of the cryogenic distillation process originally developed in 1895. This process produces oxygen that is 99+% pure.

More recently, the more energy-efficient vacuum swing adsorption process has been used for a limited number of applications that do not require oxygen with more than 90-93% purity.

B. The Future Of Data Centers

1. Despite the fact that allogeneic red blood cell (RBC) transfusions can be life-saving in exsanguinating trauma patients, many adverse events impacting patient outcome have documented [1]. Therefore, artificial oxygen carriers were initially been developed as “blood substitutes” in the 1980s and 1990s. Artificial oxygen carriers can be grouped into hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers (PFCs) [2].
2. The clinical use of artificial oxygen carriers has mainly been studied in trauma and major surgery [3]. HBOC studies in general did not show a benefit in the primary outcome parameter such as avoidance/reduction of RBC transfusions or 28-day mortality [3] and signs of vasoconstriction/hypertension due to nitric oxide scavenging and increased relative risk of myocardial infarction and death were shown in a meta-analysis [4]. Consequently, the Food and Drug Agency in 2008 put all HBOC trials on hold.
3. PFC studies in non-cardiac surgery were successful in reversing physiologic transfusion triggers and in reducing the need for allogeneic RBC transfusions [5]. In addition, there were no major safety issues. However, a PFC study in cardiac surgery was prematurely stopped due to an increased incidence of neurologic adverse events, and this program has never been re-started.
4. In recent years, focus on the potential clinical use of artificial oxygen carriers moved away from “blood substitutes” towards “oxygen therapeutics”. Due to the relatively short half-life of 12–24 h, this may indeed be reasonable. However, clinical studies showing clear benefits in this new area are still scarce. The area with most documented evidence are “compassionate use” programs. In such programs, patients were treated with HBOCs at a median hemoglobin concentration of 39 g/l [6]. Survival of patients with severe anemia for whom RBC transfusion was not an option was clearly and significantly higher if treated with an HBOC [7]. It is also conceivable that an HBOC may be capable of bridging a patient with severe anemia until RBC transfusions become available.
5. In animal models, artificial oxygen carriers have also proven to be efficacious in relieving organ ischemia such as fetal hypoxia in pre-eclampsia [8] and cerebral ischemia [9]. However, in a recent study myocardial perfusion with an oxygenated HBOC-enriched solution did not reduce the infarct volume nor was post-ischemic cardiac function improved [10]. In contrast, HBOC attenuated intense exercise-induced cardiac dysfunction [11].
6. Machine perfusion of liver grafts after prolonged cold ischemia with HBOC enriched perfusate appears to be efficacious in improving the condition of the liver graft prior to transplantation in multiple animal experiments [12]. And recently the first human liver transplantation after machine perfusion with HBOC was performed.Footnote1 The use of artificial oxygen carriers in pre-transplant perfusion is also conceivable in other organs such as lung and heart. The future will tell whether HBOCs or PFCs are more efficacious.
7. PFCs may also be used as contrast agents [13] and, in conjunction with magnetic resonance imaging, as infection tracers [14].
8. Finally yet importantly, artificial oxygen carriers look like a logical adjunct to Patient Blood Management. Patient Blood Management is already highly successful: a reduction in the use of allogeneic blood product transfusion of approximately 40%, a decrease in hospital mortality (−28%), infection rate (−21%), combined myocardial infarction and stroke (−31%), length of hospital stay (−15%), and annual costs ($7–29 million) has been described in a study on 605,000 patients in Western Australia [15]. Nevertheless, having an artificial oxygen carrier to bridge the period of low hemoglobin/hematocrit or in the context of augmented hemodilution [5] might broaden the spectrum of Patient Blood Management and may make it even more successful.

w.r.f “https://clinicaltrials.gov/”

Conclusion

Global warming is recognized by almost all atmospheric scientists as a significant environmental problem caused by an increase in levels of certain trace gases in the atmosphere since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century. These gases, collectively called greenhouse gases, include carbon dioxide, organic chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and many others. Carbon dioxide, although not the most potent of the greenhouse gases, is the most important because of the huge volumes emitted into the air by combustion of fossil fuels (e.g., gasoline, oil, coal). Carbon dioxide is considered a normal component of the atmosphere, and before the Industrial Revolution the average levels of this gas were about 280 parts per million (ppm). By 2020 the levels of carbon dioxide had reached 417 ppm, and they continue to increase at a rate of almost 3 ppm per year. Many scientists think that carbon dioxide should be regulated as a pollutant—a position taken by the EPA in 2009 in a ruling that such regulations could be promulgated. International cooperation and agreements, such as the Paris Agreement of 2015, would be necessary to reduce carbon dioxide emissions worldwide.

References

[1] https://www.britannica.com/science/air-pollution/Greenhouse-gases [2] https://www.healthcentral.com/article/the-three-types-of-oxygen-therapy-for-copd [3] https://www.livescience.com/48125-oxygen-made-from-carbon-dioxide.html [4] https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/jpet/369/2/300.full.pdf [5] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/sulfur-dioxide [6] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137239/ [7] https://www.scielo.br/j/spmj/a/Zsc3xxk4qb4SPSjv3twb5Gb/?lang=en [8] https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/your-oxygen-equipment [9] https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-018-1949-5 [10] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17591302/

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Parmeshwar Gorain, Nakul Dhall, Abhishek Maheshwari, Anjali Gupta, Dr. Deepshika. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.