Blockchain Based used Vehicle Tracking System

Abstract

The used vehicle market has long been in India, but due to the danger involved in buying an old vehicle without a guarantee and the fact that it lacks certification, it has not been able to make a significant vehicle in the vehicle sector. Purchasing a second-hand vehicle is a risky decision since it is impossible to judge a vehicle just on the basis of appearance if you don\'t know anything about its history. Many individuals buy vehicles without looking into their past, which frequently results in them getting into legal difficulties. Some people offer vehicles that have been reported stolen with no prior history. Due to them, consumers who wish to purchase a quality used car are duped, which puts them in legal trouble. A solution to this problem is to use a platform that offers the consumer a reliable approach to looking up information about a vehicle, where all vehicle-related data is added in a safe, unchangeable manner. Thus, this issue may be solved via blockchain technology. We are trying to create an Android app that will use blockchain technology to store previous owner data in such a way that it cannot be altered.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Around the world, buying and selling second-hand vehicles is a common industry. According to reports, 60 million automobiles have been bought in the USA, with around 71.1% of them being used or pre-owned [1]. Customers have a lot of questions before buying a used vehicle, including whether it will be a safe vehicle and why the owner is selling it.  It is difficult to believe its various mechanical and electrical components without the answers to these queries, especially for inexperienced customers. a provider of history reports for old vehicles was established in 1984 to address this problem [2]. In order to start in 1996, launched its web-based services, the company CarFax collected data on all vehicles bought in the USA and Canada CarFax claimed in 2015 that its database contains information on more than 20 billion used vehicles. More than 100,000 sources were used to get this data and information [3].The problem is that many of these potential buyers need information about vehicles, starting with its manufacture history, covering its initial sale, any accidents they may have been in, as well as any and all maintenance and repairs. This is necessary for legal and insurance purposes, as well as to maintain a record of the subject vehicle and determine its market worth.

To counter the used-car industry fraud that is being committed. We are aiming to build an Android application that uses API to retrieve all vehicle information and blockchain to keep previous owner information that has been updated by RTO.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

Blockchain is not a modern innovation. It is a collection of currently used techniques that have been arranged in a certain way to address issues with sharing, security, and various types of strengths. There are several recommended uses to go from a standard or standard operation to a blockchain. Numerous questionnaires were also designed to gather data regarding applications [12]. The following are some of the earlier Driveloop-related works.

Blockchain is characterized as a distributed shared ledger that may act as a store of unalterable data.[6] It is a digital protocol that may securely and immutably record a variety of information, such as financial assets, asset transfers, and contract agreements. [6] Nakamoto claims [7] A blockchain network is a peer-to-peer network where there is no coordinating central authority (CA) and all peers are equal (referred to as "nodes" in the following).

A blockchain network is a peer-to-peer network where there is no coordinating central authority (CA) and all peers are equal (referred to as "nodes" in the following).Everywhere that data has to be securely handled and validated by a third party or intermediary, blockchain technology's potential is unlocked. It can also be taken into account when different people and groups interact and when assets' ownership or properties are monitored throughout time. [8][9].

A number of blockchain implementations made the idea of smart contracts their value proposition. Long before blockchain technology ever existed, in 1996, Szabo Theoretical conditional programme code that executes automatically was given in [11].

People may communicate without having to put their faith in one another because to a combination of the core concepts of blockchain technology, such as immutability and consensus, and the deterministic, self-executing business logic of smart contracts expressed in code[10][12].

III. BLOCKCHAIN

A. What is a blockchain

The technology underlying Satoshi Nakamoto's cryptocurrency Bitcoin was first described as the blockchain in 2008 [4]. The blockchain is a shared ledger where events are entered and confirmed by network users before being "mined" in a competitive system where participants must successfully complete some proof-of-work, typically a cryptographic challenge.

A simplified representation of the Bitcoin blockchain is shown in Figure 1, drawn from the Bitcoin Developer Guide [5]. The details of a past transaction can only be changed by changing every block mined after that transaction since the contents of previously-mined blocks are hashed and contained into the next block. As a result, a trustworthy transaction record is created that can only be changed by mining power that is in the majority. Apart from PKI, proposed and existing uses for the blockchain include smart contracts and reputation systems. The blockchain offers a special combination of qualities that make it useful for a number of applications. systems, and device-device communication for the Internet of Things. In particular, it is decentralized (no trusted third party is involved in its management), and historical events cannot be changed (without controlling the bulk of the mining power on the network for more information, please see [4]).

B. Advantages of blockchain

The primary advantage of blockchain technology is its decentralised nature. Why is it significant to our lives? It is not essential to collaborate with the central administrator or the third-party organisation, to put it simply. This indicates that there is no middleman in the system, and all users of the blockchain decide what to do. Each system contains a database, which must be protected because when a system collaborates with other organisations, there is a chance that the database might be hacked or that the data could get into the wrong hands. There is a chance that the database security procedure will take a long time and cost a lot of money. Each action is recorded to the Blockchain and the data of records are available to every participant of this Blockchain and cannot be changed or deleted. The results of this recording give the Blockchain's transparency, immutability and trust [14], [16].

Blockchain depends on the trust of two or more people who are outsiders to one another for its reliability. The key concept is that these are genuine, valuable transactions between these unnamed parties. More shared procedures and records have the potential to promote trust [17], [15].

When transactions are approved and distributed across the Blockchain, immutability is achieved. It won't be able to modify or remove a transaction once it is linked to the Blockchain. Additionally, it depends on the kind of system.; if it's centralized, it may be modified or removed because just one person makes the choice. But with a decentralized system, like the Blockchain, every transaction that is connected to the system gets duplicated to every computer in the network. This feature renders the Blockchain technology impermeable and unbreakable. The Blockchain gives its users the capacity to manage all transactions and data. When an attacker gets the fantastic technology, they may edit or delete the data on the Blockchain. Before the next block is written here, there is enough computational power to replace or wipe all of the data on the world's computers, including that including that in the blockchain.

If there are few computers in the Blockchain, the technology is more vulnerable to attack; conversely, if there are many computers, the system is safer and more transparent [14], [16], [17], [18], [15].

The replication of transactions is how the Blockchain achieves transparency. Each transaction is replicated to one of the computers in the Blockchain network, as was stated before. Every participant has access to view all transactions, which also means that every activity is visible to Blockchain users. Nobody is incapable of acting irresponsibly[17], [18]. The Blockchain is built so that it can identify any issues and, if required, fix them. This benefit increases the traceability of Blockchain technology. [19]. Participants in the system experience clutter and complexities as a result of the various ledgers.

The ecosystem is simplified by blockchain technology since every transaction is added to a single public ledger. The quicker processing is the final benefit.

Processing and initialling the transaction into the financial institution traditionally takes a long time. Utilizing blockchain technology allows for significant time reductions in processing and initialization, going from three days to a few minutes or even seconds.[18], [19].

C. Use of blockchain in Project

1. We are using blockchain because of its Immutability feature.
2. Immutability means that the blockchain is a permanent and unalterable network.
3. We are using this concept to store the previous owner details and to save the transaction between the previous plus a new owner of the vehicle.

IV. API

A. What are an APIs

The application programming interface is referred to as API. An API is a protocol that enables users to make requests of resources, obtain data in a machine-readable format, and download it.

You access an API each time you use a mobile app like Facebook, send a sms alert or check the weather.

When you use a mobile application, it connects to the Network and sends information to a server. The data was subsequently retrieved, processed, put to use, and sent returned to your phone by the server. The program me then analyses that data and presents the results you requested in a comprehensible way. What an API actually is

B. Advantages of APIs

1. Applications: Access to APIs ensures more flexibility in information-transfer processes.
2. Reach: APIs let you create layers in apps in order to distribute information to different audiences.
3. Customization: Furthermore, it can serve as a solution to create different experiences for users, letting protocols, functions, and commands be adapted according to specific demands.
4. Efficiency: When you have content that is automatically published and made available on different channels simultaneously, APIs allow for more efficient data distribution.
5. Adaptability: One of the greatest benefits of APIs is the ability it has to adapt to changes through data migration and flexibility of services.

Conclusion

Vehicle footprint is an android app which uses API and blockchain to get the immutable data regarding the searched registration number of the vehicle. Because of this application a huge problem of vehicle fraud will we minimize. Using this application its user will get the genuine information about the vehicle. And user will also able to check the pending challan details so they can inform the owner about the pending challan before buying the vehicle.

References

[1] “Used cars statistics,” www.statista.com/ statistics/183713 /value-of-uspassenger-cassales-and-leases-since1990, 2018. [2] “Carfax,”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carfax(company), 2017 [3] Carfaxstatistics,”https://www.marketwatch.com/ press-release/ carfax-databasehits20billionrecords-20180425, 2017. [4] Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Consulted, 1(2012):28, 2008. [5] Bitcoin developer guide, https://bitcoin.org/, accessed on 10/09/2015 at 21:57. [6] Wright A, De Filippi P. Decentralized blockchain technology and the rise of lex cryptographia. SSRN Electron J. 2015. [7] Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. 2008. [8] Ko V, Verity A. Blockchain for the humanitarian sector: future opportunities. Digital Humanitarian Network. 2016. [9] Voshmgir S. Blockchains, Smart Contracts und das Dezentrale Web. Berlin, Germany: Technologiestiftung Berlin; 2016. [10] Christidis K, Devetsikiotis M. Blockchains and smart contracts for the Internet of Things. IEEE Access. 2016;4:2292-2303. [11] Szabo N. Smart contracts: building blocks for digital markets. 1996. [12] Morabito V. Business Innovation Through Blockchain: The B3 Perspective. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG; 2017. [13] M. Pilkington, “11 blockchain technology: principles and applications,” Research handbook on digital transformations, p. 225, 2016. [14] A. Bahga, V. Madisetti, “Blockchain Platform for Industrial Internet of Things”, Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, No. 9, pp. [36]533-546, 2016 [15] W. Fauvel, “Blockchain Advantages and Disadvantages” [online]. August 2017. Available from: https://medium.com/nudjed/blockchain- advantage-and-disadvantages-e76dfde3bbc0 [16] A. Bahga, V. Madisetti, “Internet of Things: A Hands-On Approach”, Atlanta, 2014 [17] A. Songara, L. Chouhan, “Blockchain: A Decentralized Technique for Securing Internet of Things”. Conference paper, October 2017 [18] Blockchaintechnology, “Advantages & Disadvantages of Blockchain Technology” [online]. 2016. Available from: https://blockchaintechnologycom.wordpress.com/2016/11/21/advantages -disadvantages/ [19] Dataflair team, “Advantages and disadvantages of Blockchain Technology” [online]. 2018. Available from: https://data- flair.training/blogs/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-blockchain/

Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Aniket Abhale, Amol Pathare, Anupama Indapure, Joshan Wadekar, Dr. Priya Shelke. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.