Characterization and Quantification of Solid waste in Gram Panchayats of U.P.

Abstract

Efficient and effective handling of solid waste in gram panchayats of Uttar Pradesh starts with determining the character and quantity of the waste, for which we select two city from central region and west region (1. Lucknow, 2. Gorakhpur). In the above districts 2 Gram Panchayats of each district were surveyed. From the selected Gram Panchayat, the sample was as under: (1) Gram Panchayat with more than 10000 population 300 households were surveyed; (2) Gram Panchayat with 5000-10000 population 150 households were surveyed; (3) Gram Panchayat with 2000-5000 population 100 households were surveyed; (4) Gram Panchayat with less than 2000 population 50 households were surveyed. The selection of Gram Panchayats was done in consultation with the District authorities. And in order to get the data of waste generated and its type at the weekly markets, survey of one weekly market was done at each District. The waste generated in gram panchayats was categorized under 4 major heads (Bio-degradable waste, Recyclable waste, Hazardous waste, Inert waste). In the study we found that most of the waste in gram panchayats are Bio- degradable in nature (58.01%) and Inert waste (22.50%) is at second place and recyclable waste (16.52%) is at number 3 and every type waste can be managed but there is no proper management of solid waste at gram panchayat level. We also suggest some effective way to manage the solid waste at gram panchayat level in U.P.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Solid Waste Management (SWM) is an organized process of storage, collection, transportation, processing and disposal of solid refuse residuals in an engineered sanitary landfill. Solid Waste Management (SWM) includes all activities that seek to minimize the health, environment and aesthetic impacts of solid wastes.

It is an integrated process comprising several collection methods, varied transportation equipment, storage, recovery mechanisms for recyclable material, reduction of waste volume and quantity by methods such as composting, waste-to-power and disposal in a designated engineered sanitary landfill.

The selection of a suitable SWM process is driven by the source and quality of waste produced. Solid waste is generated from a number of sources which include households (kitchen and yards), commercial areas (shops, hotels, and restaurants), industries (raw material and packaging), institutions (schools, hospitals, and offices), construction and demolition sites, wild and domesticated animals (carcasses of dead animals, manure), parks (fallen branches, leaves from trees) and streets (sand, silt, clay, concrete, bricks, asphalt, residues from air deposition and dust). 

To tackle the adverse impact of uncontrolled waste generation, its handling and disposal, the Government of India has made the “Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016”. 

And they apply to every urban local body, outgrowths in urban agglomerations, census towns as declared by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, notified areas, notified industrial townships, areas under the control of Indian Railways, airports, airbases, Ports and harbours, defence establishments, special economic zones, State and Central government organisations, places of pilgrims, religious and historical importance as may be notified by respective State government from time to time and to every domestic, institutional, commercial and any other non-residential solid waste generator situated in the areas except industrial waste, hazardous waste, hazardous chemicals, bio medical wastes, e-waste, lead acid batteries and radio-active waste, that are covered under separate rules framed under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

Scientific disposal of solid waste through segregation, collection, treatment and disposal in an environmentally sound manner minimises the adverse impact of waste on the environment. The Gram Panchayats/ Blocks/ District shall be responsible for development of infrastructure for collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of Solid Waste.

II. METHEDOLOGY

A. Site Description

The study area covers 4 villages of Lucknow and 4 villages of Gorakhpur according to their population.

To Characterize & Quantify the waste we conducted a survey of Solid Waste in Gram Panchayats of Uttar Pradesh. For the above purpose 2 districts had been selected from each i.e. east and central region

1. Gorakhpur
2. Lucknow 

Table 1: Details of Gram panchayats

B. Sampling Procedure

In the above districts 4 Gram Panchayats of each district were surveyed. From the selected Gram Panchayat, the sample was as under: 

1. Gram Panchayat with more than 10000 population 300 households were surveyed.
2. Gram Panchayat with 5000-10000 population 150 households were surveyed.
3. Gram Panchayat with 2000-5000 population 100 households were surveyed.
4. Gram Panchayat with less than 2000 population 50 households were surveyed. 

The selection of Gram Panchayats was done in consultation with the District authorities. And in order to get the data of waste generated and its type at the weekly markets, survey of one weekly market was done at each District.

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Nature Of Solid Waste Generated In Gram Panchayats

Preliminary investigation of the research in revealed that composition of solid waste range from food to electronic goods. The category of waste is depicted in the table given below:

Table 2: Nature of solid waste generated in gram panchayats

B. Quantity of Solid Waste

1. Lucknow

2. Gorakhpur

Table 3: Weekly Market Data- Number & Type of Shops/Stalls

Table 4: Weekly Market Data- Categorization of Waste. (In Gms)

From the above table and Chart below we find Biodegradable Waste maximum followed by Recycleable and within that Plastic & Paper Waste. Some Hazardus Waste is also generated.

C. Strategy of Solid Waste Management in Gram Panchayats

1. Segregation of waste at household level/ establishment level- two bin system (organic and recyclable).
2. Encourage the households, if land available with them, to construct a small pit/earthen post composting for biodegradable waste and compost can be used by them.
3. Door to door collection- by private party or the Gram Panchayat;
4. Collection vehicles/ carts to have two bin systems.
5. At secondary collection point two bins to be kept.
6. Transportation to be in vehicles with Partition and cover, to the material recovery centre to be established by the Gram Panchayat.
7. Bio-degradable waste to be sent to vermi-composting unit/community composting pit/windrow composting - to be established at Gram Panchayat level and managed by local NGO’s or RWAs or SHGs.
8. Local rag-pickers and kabariwalas to be roped-in for segregation and paid out of the sale of recyclables.
9. If no nearby Industry is available than RDF material to be sent to nearest big ULB/ Point designated by the District Authority to be further sent to Industry.
10. Balance inert waste to be sent to nearest Landfill site for which district authorities to make arrangements (Not more than 10%).

Conclusion

The management of solid waste in the gram panchayat level still faces many problems. There is no any existing management system at the gram panchayats of Uttar Paradesh. The main component of solid waste at gram panchayat level is Bio-degradable waste which can be managed by composting at gram panchayat level and the biggest problem in villages is the management of plastic waste because it is very harm-full for the animals as well as for the environment so this is very important to manage the plastic waste and it is done by door to door collection system by private party or the gram panchayat and segregation at household level/ establishment level-two bin system (organic and recyclable). Improper management of solid waste in villages causes many severe disease like typhoid, cholera, amoebic dysentery etc. so proper management of solid waste at gram panchayat level is necessary.

References

[1] APHA-AWWA-WPCF. (1994). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 15th edn., American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA . [2] Bandara, N. J. (2007). Relation of waste generation and composition to socio-economic factors: a case study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Volume 135, Issue 1–3 , 31-39. [3] Ogu, V. I. (2000). Private sector participation and municipal waste management in Benin City, Nigeria. Environment and Urbanization , 12(2), 103-117. [4] Parashar, D. C., Rai, J., Gupta, P. K., & Singh, N. (1991). Parameters affecting methane emission from paddy fields. IJRSP Vol.20(1) , 12-17. [5] Purdy, S., & Sabugal, F. (1999). Waste composition/generation study for the city of Davao, Mindanao, Philippines. Proceedings of Sardinia 99, seventh international waste management and landfill symposium, Cagliari, Italy, 4–8 October, 1999. [6] Rawat, M., & Singh, U. K. (2008). Methane emission and heavy metals quantification from selected landfill areas in India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Volume 137, Issue 1–3 , 67-74. [7] Saarela, J. (2003). Pilot investigations of surface parts of three closed landfills and factors affecting them’,. Environ. Monit. Assess. 84 , 183-192. [8] Sarkar, P. (2003). SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DELHI – A SOCIAL VULNERABILITY STUDY. Third International Conference on Environment and Health , 451 – 464.

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Sudheer Singh Rathaur , J. B. Shrivastava , Anand Patel. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.