A Comparative Study of Antidiabetic Activity of Azadirachta Indica, Aloe Vera and Allium Cepa

Abstract

Abstract: Extract from medicinal plants are widely used to prevents various diseases due to presence of lots of phytochemicals. The extracts from different parts like leaf, stem, fruit, flower, bark, root of Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera and Allium cepa shows lots of pharmacological activity. Antidiabaetic property is most important of them. Various parts of Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera and Allium cepa were largely used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha medicines. Chemical investigation on all three plants explore the presence of different types of active compounds like azadirachtin , nimbolinin, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbidol, sodium nimbinate, gedunin, salannin, and quercetin from Azadirachta indica, enzymes, minerals, sugars, lignin, saponins, salicylic acids, amino acids and vitamins like vitamins A (beta-carotene), C and E, vitamin B12, folic acid, and choline from Aloe vera and Cyaniding glycosides, Prostaglandins, quercetin, flavonoids, Sterols, Phenol compounds, Catechol and Protocatechuic acid from Allium cepa. This review explore the details of traditional use, phytochemicals and comparative studies of antioxidant and antidiabetic properties among lots of pharmacological properties of Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera and Allium cepa.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Neem is a medicinal plant, and its leaves and other parts are used to exhibit immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycaemic, antiulcer, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic properties(1). Neem is a member of the mahogany family, Meliaceae, and its scientific name is Azadirachta indica (2). Neem is mostly found in the Indian subcontinent and it is also found in a dry areas of South Asia (2, 3). The most important part of Neem is its leaf & bark, which used in antioxidant and Antidiabetic agents (4-7). The fruit of Neem is used for the treatment of leprosy, diabetes, a disorder of the urinary tract and eyes, etc. The flowers of Neem are used for reducing bile, treating intestinal worms, etc(8) .

Aloe vera is used as a topical gel to treat sunburn. It is mainly found in rocky areas and also found in the dry regions of Africa, Asia, Europe America and India(Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (9). Aloe vera is a medicinal plant, which has antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiviral, antiseptic, etc. properties and it also helps in wound healing and skin disease(10-15). It belongs to Asphodelaceae (Liliaceae) family, and is a shrubby or arborescent, perennial, xerophytic, succulent, pea- green colour plant and the botanical name of Aloe vera is Aloe barbadensis miller(9)

Onion is a round vegetable with a brown skin that grows underground in the soil which used as medicinal prospect(16). Onion is one of the important condiments widely used in all households all the year round(17). The botanical name of onion is Allium cepa herbaceous biennial plant in the amaryllis family which is called Amaryllidaceae grown for its edible bulb(18). The green leaves and immature and mature bulbs are eaten raw or used in preparation of vegetables(19). Onions are used in soups, sauces and for seasoning foods(17). Onion mainly used as antioxidant but it also shows antiinflamatory, antidiabetic, etc. activities(20-22).

II. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION:

Taxonomical classification of Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera and Allium cepa are discussed in Table 1.

Table 1: Taxonomical classification of Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera and Allium cepa

A. Bioactive Constituent

Bioactive constituent of Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera and Allium cepa are discuss in bellow mentioned table.    

Azadirachta indica:(Table 2)

Table 2: Bioactive constituent of  Azadirachta indica

Aloe vera: (Table 3)

Table 3: Bioactive constituent of  Aloe vera

Allium cepa: (Table 4)

Table 4: Bioactive constituent of Allium cepa

B. Pharmacological Activity

Pharmacological activity of Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera and Allium cepa are discuss in bellow mentioned table.

Pharmacological Activity of Azadirachta indica: (Table 5)

Table 5: Pharmacological Activity of Azadirachta indica

Pharmacological activity of Aloe vera: (Table 6)

Table 6 : Pharmacological Activity of Aloe vera

Pharmacological activity of Allium cepa: (Table 7)

Table 7: Pharmacological Activity of Allium cepa

C. Anti-diabetic activity of Azadirachta indica,  Aloe vera and Allium cepa

1. Azadirachta indica

The hydroalcholic extraction of neem, which produced anti-hyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin is used as the treatment of rats. In case, increase in glucose level absorption and glycogen deposition in isolated rat causes hemidiaphragm(66,67).Inspite of having anti-diabetic activity, it(neem) also shows anti-bacterial, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects(68). In Indonesia, neem is used as a traditional medicine from the ancient times. Diabetes mellitus is a significant metabolic disease which has many types of complication that’s are; diabetic nephropathy, coronary heart disease, and hypertension. The chemical constituents of neem are as tannins, saponins, sterols, flavonoids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, and alkaloids which mainly used in the disease of diabetes. Rutin and quercetin of neem shows the activity of anti-hyperglycemic effects also(69,70). The evaluated study of neem root bark(70% alcoholic) in diabetes, shows the result of that significantly in 800mg/kg dose(71). The other experiment which was performed to test the pharmacological hypoglycemic action of Neem in diabetic rats, the result shows that the glucose tolerance test with neem extract is 250 mg/kg which indicated glucose levels were significantly less as compared to the control group and neem remarkably reduce the glucose level in the diabetic rat at 15 days(72). In in-vivo diabetic model, we studied A. indica & B. spectabills chloroform, methanolic, and aqueous extracts were explored and the results showed that A. indica chloroform extract and B. spectabilis aqueous, methanolic extracts, which showed a good oral glucose tolerance and remarkably decreased the intestinal glucosidase activity(73). The other important study also suggested that leaves extract of neem and Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) also have significant antidiabetic activity and also helped in the treatment of diabetes mellitus(74)

2. Aloe vera

Aloe vera is known as a popular houseplant to use as a folk medicine from ancient time. Plant contain two types of basic product one is gel mostly known as leaf pulp and another one is latex known as aloe juice. In both normal and diabetic rats extract of aloe gum increase glucose tolerance effectively (117). Aloes leaves extract shows effect on blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan diabetic mice through  stimulation of insulin synthesis or release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells (118). This plant also helps to improves wound healing in diabetic mice and also shows an anti-inflammatory activity in dose dependent manner (119). Alcoholic extract of Aloe vera gel shows hypoglycemic activity and helps to control glucose homeostasis by controlling the carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes. When aloe vera extract administered orally in different types of models like; normal rats, oral glucose-loaded rats and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats at a concentration of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight shows significant results(120,121). Aloe vera  extract (10 μl/l) shows beneficial effects in treatment of type II diabetes by stimulated insulin secretion from the isolated islets of pancreas. (122)

3. Allium cepa

The hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic activities of drinkable ripe onion juice product which name is “Black Onion Extract” the increasing dosage forms of onion aqueous extracts on alloxan- produced diabetic for likely used in the management of diabetic mellitus was explored (170-172). The evaluation study of onion and garlic in experimentally produced diabetic rats by meta-analysis of related studies. National Center for Biotechnology Information database, the DBpia database, and the Koreanstudies Information Service System database conducted the ten systematic literature searches. We mostly studied the main three groups like; the normal group, the treated diabetic group, and the untreated diabetic group, it is compared for the various effect factors between two of the groups. Blood glucose concentration, body weight, and the concentrations of plasma total cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and liver glycogen are the effect factors (173). The natural product which has antidiabetic properties is Allium cepa, generally known as garden onion. In onion there is a phenolic content that is quercetin, which help in inhibition of liberation of D- glucose from oligosaccharides and disaccharides by inhibiting a-glucosidase, that may result delay absorption of glucose from intestine and it is considered the responsible for controlling blood glucose levels in the body. The fresh bulb which content ether extract, administered to pancreatectomized dogs and rabbits by gastric intubation (174). Allium cepa which have antidiabetic property is used for controlling type-II diabetes mellitus and it also used in our several life style diseases (175).Red onion which have hyperglycemic effects, is used for the treatment of Type l & Type ll diabetic patients (176).Dietary bulbs of onion which have antidiabetic effect in high fat diet streptozotocin produced diabetes rodent model (177-179). The potency of onion in Hypoglycaemic also showed the antioxidant activities (180).

Conclusion

Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera and Allium cepa; these three household plants can be used to control or treat diabetes. Different part extracts of all three plants are used as a medicine to treat the disease. All three types of plants are available all year round. Azadirachta indica contains tannins, saponins, sterols, flavonoids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, rutin and quercetin which shows anti-hyperglycemic effects and methanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica shows good oral glucose tolerance and remarkably decreased the intestinal glucosidase activity.Allium cepa extract, have hyperglycemic effects, used as a medicine for Type l & Type ll diabetic patients and it also used in our several life style. Allium cepa extract contain quercetin a phenolic content is responsible for controlling blood glucose levels in the body by inhibiting liberation of D- glucose from oligosaccharides and disaccharides by inhibiting a-glucosidase. Aloe vera extract (10 ?l/l) stimulated insulin secretion from the isolated islets of pancreas and pancreatic beta cells which shows beneficial effect to reduce blood glucose levels and used to treat type II diabetes. Hypoglycemic activity shown in alcoholic extract of Aloe vera gel which helps to control glucose homeostasis by controlling the carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes. Among the all of three plants Allium cepa which is known as onion is highly acceptable in respect of Azadirachta indica (Neem), Aloe vera due to its bitter taste. But all of them are quite good for human.

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Copyright © 2022 Rajesh Kumar Das, Aditya Kotal, Akash Rej, Soumallya Chakraborty, Somenath Bhattacharya, Rohan Pal, Sourav Saha, Dr. Arin Bhattacharjee. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.