Costing and Estimation of Earthquake Resisting Structure: A Review

Abstract

This review report is the analysis of costing and estimation of different earthquake resistance structure and which method will me most economical and efficient method for the construction of any structure which is under the effect or lies in the region of the high seismic zones of the earth . To prevent structure from the earthquake excitation , nowadays several techniques are used such as Dampers , Base Isolation, TMD etc… this paper is a detailed report carried out by the various researchers on various engineering structure by professors from all over the world and the results.

Introduction

I.  INTRODUCTION

Earthquakes  always  cause  damage  to   any  type  of   the  structure   and  mankind  both .  It  also  causes  a major  impact  on  the  economy  of   the  nation as  it  causes  huge  damage  to  the  structures  . This  paper  is  related  to  the study   of   the  various  seismic  zones  and  to  construct   a  cost  efficient  and  Earthquake  resistance  structure   by   investigating  various  preventing  techniques.   Since  the  effects  of  the Earthquake  are  unpredictable  the  only  thing  that  can be  done  is  to   prevent  their  hazardous  effects  by making  structure  earthquake  resistance  such  preventing  methods  is  widely  seen  in  the  construction  of  building  in the USA  , Japan  and   many other  developed  countries   this  has  also  brought  down the   death  toll  by  the seismic  effects.  As bringing  down  the  damage  caused  by  the Earthquake  is  the  major  concern  in  many  part  of  the  world.   This  has brought  down  a peaceful  environment  for  the  peoples  to  carry  out  their  daily  work  without   any  fear   of  losing  life  by  such  natural  calamities

II. LITERATURE  REVIEW

A  Brief  review  on  earthquake  resistance  technique  by  some  of the  researchers   is  given  below :

A. Willam D  Schuze  (1987)

In  this  research  paper  a detailed   evaluation  has  been  done  for  the  construction  of  the  earthquake  resistance  structure  and  various   methodology  for  estimating  the  cost  as  well  as   resistance  benefits .  The  methodology  draws  upon   the  economic  approach  for  valuing  risk  to  life  and   results  are  useful  for  the  officials  who  are  the  policy  makers  of  the  earthquake  resisting  structure  and  also  for  the  engineers  who  are  working  over  a  project  in a  highly  seismic  zones.

B. H W Shenton (1993)  

In  this  paper  study  was  conducted  to  analyze  the  relative  results  of  the  fix base  isolation  structure .  The  concrete  fix  base  structure  was  designed  according  to  structural  agencies and  comparison  was  done  with  a fixed  base  response ,  the  building  performance  was  checked  for  various  for  lateral  forces , recorded  data  was  used  of  the  post  earthquake  and  tests  were performed  on  these data.

C. Thakur V.M.  (2012)

In  this  paper  a research  was  conducted  by the  use  of  the  TMD on a  multi  storey  building  which  has  a  rectangular  shape using  a  software called  SAP2000  by  using  direct  integration  approach  %  mass of  the  used  TMD  is  3%   .   A comparison  was  done  over  the  building  with  TMD  and  without TMD   by  using  the  recorded  data  of  the  past  years  of  earthquake.

D. Alex y Tuan and GQ Shang et el (2014)

In  this  paper  a research  was  conducted  experimentally  using  a  TMD (Tuned Mass  Damper)  on a high  storey  building and  investigation  was  carried  out  on  its  effects . A  detailed analysis  was  conducted  and  evaluation  of  the  structural  behaviour.

E. Franco Braga

In  this  paper  a research  was  done  experimentally on  a  series  of  the  dynamic  snap back  tests.   This  test  was  performed  on  Potenza  Basilica  , a  residential  building  in  south  Italy .  The  study  was  performed  to  investigate  the  behaviour  of  the   low   rise  Base  Isolated  rubber  bearing.

F. L. Mathew                                                                                                               

In this  paper a  study  was  conducted  on  RCC   building via  Fluid  Viscous  Damper  and  one  without it.   The  aim  was  to  find   the  optimum  damper  properties  for  RCC  frames   . It  was  analyzed  using  a software  called  SAP2000  on a  symmetrical  Square  Building   data  was  presented  in  a  graphical  form  which can  be  compared.

G. A k Sinha

In  this  paper  a  research  was  conducted   on a  non - linear  time  analysis   ,  on a 3D  model  of  12  storey  building  with  the  help   of  3D   synthetic   accelerogram .  Two  cases  of   building  models  were  analyzed  one  with   supplemental  damping  and  other  without  it  ,using   E-TABS .Absolute   maximum  displacement   was  compared  with  the  past  recorded  data  and  was   compared  with  various  responses,  the  dampers  proved  to be  the effective  in  structural  responses.            

H. Mr Ashish ,  prof. GR Patil et el (2015)

In  this  research  paper  study  was  conducted  by  the  use  of  software  using  TMD. It  is  placed at  the top  of  the  building  storey   displacement   and   base  shear  was  analyzed  with and without  the  TMD  using  E-TABS. The  analysis  was  done  on various  seismic  behaviour  on  past  recorded  data . It  concluded  that  the  TMD  should  be  placed  at  the top  floor  for  the  best  control.

I. Balakrishna GS  (2014)

In this  paper  study  was  conducted  by  the  use  of  passive  energy  absorbing  devices  , seismic  responses  of  the  structure  in  earthquake  zone  can  be  improved  , by  using  SAP2000. Multi  storey  building  was  analyzed  with  the  provision  of   viscous  fluid  Dampers  (VFD).  TMD  without  any  damping  devices  non - linear  history  analysis  was  conducted  equivalent  to  Bhuj  earthquake .

J. Mubarak Mubarak  (2019)

 A  research  paper  has  been  published  by  Department  of  civil  engineering , university  of  syiah kulla  , Indonesia . By  considering  the  fact  flexibility   plays  an  important  role   in an  earthquake  , as  the  seismic   potential   plays  role  in the  life  of  the  structure  and  people   residing  in it especially  for  the  buildings  that  are  constructed  with  a  high  level  of  the  earthquake  vulnerability  ,  regarding  the  type   of  structure ,  considerations  are  important  as  they  play  an  important  role  in  the  efficiency  against  earthquake.And  by  the  results  we  can  say   that  the  cost  of   the  structure  vary  according  to  the  zones of   the  earthquake , as  safety  considerations  are  increased  if  it  lies   in  high  seismic  zone .

Conclusion

1) In low rise structure Base Isolation gives better outcome and there is no need to modify the characteristics of the superstructure. 2) Damping makes the super structure stiff and by increasing it we can reach effective base isolation in high rise structure. 3) It was seen that the displacement can be reduced to 25% by providing 3% TMD . 4) Due to the wide use of the seismic control system the selection of the suitable dampers becomes important to minimize the structural vibrations .TMD acts as the best passive Dampers. 5) One thing can be concluded from this research that the primary efficiency of the base depends upon the type of the soil on which structure stands . 6) After going through all these research paper one thing can be concluded that the earthquake vulnerability can be reduced by the applying various earthquake resistance techniques , providing safe living conditions. 7) Viscous fluid dampers reduces the response , it further can be reduced by proper selection and installation. 8) By allocating additional base mass and increasing damping of the superstructure , better isolation can be achieved in middle rise structure . 9) On testing the structure by shake table a significant decrease in structure is seen using EPB .And it can be seen from he results , free vibration test considerable increase in damping of the structure . Use of EPB was effective in reducing the structure vibrations. 10) Efficiency of the isolators varies with the height of the structure , Structure having medium height efficiency of isolators are good , the response of the structure changes due to change in different properties of the isolators.

References

[1] Mahmuddin and Mubarak , “ housing and rehabilitation budget due to Earthquake disaster by using multiple linear regression models “, in preceding . [2] MD Pandey and JAM van der weide , “ probability distribution of the seismic damage cost over the life cycle of the structure” structural safety vol 72. [3] SNI 2847:2013 , the concrete structural requirement for the buildings. [4] MBD Hueste and JW Bai , “ seismic retrofit of a reinforced concrete flat slab structure”. [5] S.Husin , Fachrurrazi ,Rizalhadi and Mubarak “ implementing Fuzzy topsis on project risk variable ranking advances in civil engineering”. [6] Thakur VM pachpor (2012) “seismic analysis of multi storey building with TMD” journal of engineering research and application”. [7] Alex Y Tuan “ vibration control in a multi storey building using TMD” journal of applied science and engineering. [8] Franco Braga “Field testing of low rise base isolated building”, Engineering Structures. [9] Lin Su ,Ahmadi , Iradj ,(1991) “performance of sliding resilient friction base isolation system” journal of structural engineering”. [10] Mr Ashish ,A. Mohite “Earthquake analysis of tall buildings with tuned mass damper” IOSR journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering. [11] Balakrishna G.S,Jacob(2014) “Seismic analysis of building by using two types of passive energy dissipation device”9th may 2014.

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Desh Deepak Sharma, Kajal Singh, Dileep Kumar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.