Comparative Analysis of the Derivation of Simple Sentences in English and UZBEK

Abstract

This article provides a comparative analysis of the origin of small syntactic structures in the sentence structure between two languages, namely English and Uzbek. It was also investigated that the phenomenon of derivation is inextricably linked with the phenomenon of transformation, the relevance of these analytical methods for the method of analysis with direct components. At the same time, based on the examples of English and Uzbek, comments were given on the derivation of a simple sentence, on the deep structure, on the basic structure and on the derived structure. The proposal expresses theoretical views on the role of the applicative generative model in the expansion of the proposal.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

It is well known that the linguistic nature of speech has long been the focus of linguists. FI Buslaev stated that the sentence "is a verbal sentence, and the purpose of syntax is to explain the laws of combining words to express a logical sentence" [1.25].

 A.A. Potebnya, on the contrary, expressed the view that while the sentence is interpreted grammatically, it is not in common with the logical judgment [2.19].

At the same time, the question of whether a sentence is a linguistic unit or a speech unit among scholars has given rise to many controversial views. Speech is sometimes interpreted as a unit of language, sometimes as a unit of language and speech, and in some sources as a unit of speech.

In this regard, we agree with H. Khairullaev. According to the scientist, language units consist of phonemes, morphemes and words (fixed compounds, paraphrases and phrases are also language units, but their construction material is required by the word). It is also inappropriate to interpret a sentence as both a unit of language and a unit of speech at the same time. Sentence is formed in speech and is therefore a unit of speech [3.19].

A similar idea was expressed by E.J. Benvenist also states. The scholar emphasizes speech as a means of reviving language in practice [4.139]. Indeed, speech (sentence) is a complex syntactic phenomenon directly related to the speech activity of the speaker. That is why Czech linguists interpret a sentence (recognizing it as a phenomenon common to the concept of a sentence) as a unit of supersyntactic level [5.5; 6.38]. 

In the works of N. Turniyazov, speech is also interpreted as a unit of speech.  Accordingly, the scholar has argued that the traditional syntactic analysis of a sentence is now invalid [7.27].

Sh. Tuniyozova notes that there are text marks in the sentence and writes: 8.55].

If we approach the matter from this point of view, then it is really impossible to use the method of syntactic analysis of the sentence. Speech structure analysis has been performed by representatives of structural linguistics in several different ways. In our work, however, we focus on the derivative analysis of the sentence.

It should be noted that the phenomenon of derivation is inextricably linked with the phenomenon of transformation. Indeed, the derivation phenomenon is comprehensive, including both transformation and application models. It is therefore appropriate to interpret transformation as one of the working mechanisms of syntactic derivation. N. Turniyozov states in this regard: "... derivation through contamination and conversion events is inextricably linked with transformation" [9.79].

The transformation method was developed to correct some of the shortcomings of the direct participants (BI) method [10.45]. The aim of the BI method was to show clearly and distinctly how the given sentence components interact syntactically with each other. This method is able to analyze the sentence structure using the vertical and horizontal methods:

Even in big cities, there are small frustrations.

If we divide the sentence into groups, the following situation is observed:

Even in big cities, there are small frustrations.

A. Horizontal form BI Analysis Formula

1. GN + GV; 2.GN = d + N + d; 3.GV = GN + V; 4. GN = d + N.

1. Even in big cities, there are small frustrations.

2. + in + big + cities;

3. there are small frustrations +;

4. small + frustrations.

B. Vertical form BI Analysis Formula

Even in big cities, there are small frustrations.

The division of a sentence into BI elements, given the above analysis, is called BI analysis. However, when necessary, the analysis can also be started by combining the smallest BI elements to form larger BI groups. This is called BI synthesis [11.22].

Sarah's younger sister / is studying with us.

Based on the analysis of American linguists, this analysis is performed as follows.

P = proposal (gap).

GN = noun group (group of noun) + GV = verb group (group of verb)

GN = N (noun) + d (determinative) (auxiliary tool) + N (noun).

GV = V (verb) + GN noun group

 GN = d determinative + N noun (pronoun in place of noun).

The vertical scheme of this sentence is as follows:

It should be noted that there are specific shortcomings of BI analysis, and a transformation method has been developed to address these shortcomings. According to N. Turniyazov, the transformational method, unlike the BI method, can fit several sentences at once in the scope of its analysis. In this process, not only synonymous sentences but also homonymous sentences can be analyzed, and in this way it is possible to determine whether the result of the transformation is logically correct or incorrect [12.96].

In fact, the BI method is preferred over the BI method in that it is based on a specific basic structure, can change the syntactic form of a sentence while fully preserving its meaning, and can make lexical changes in the analysis process that do not affect the meaning of the sentence:

1.The soldiers eliminated the danger.

2.The danger was eliminated by the soldiers.

Analyzing the basic basis of a given sentence, we come across the following formula:

1.The soldiers eliminated the danger.

The transformation of this sentence is as follows:

2.The danger was eliminated by the soldiers.

It should be noted that, as noted above, the phenomenon of transformation is inextricably linked with the phenomenon of derivation. Oral transformation exists within derivation [13]. Derivative analysis of the sentence structure is based primarily on finding the primitive structure, and at the base of the primitive structure is the basic structure[1]. Because the resulting structures do not emerge from a specific space. Their occurrence is strictly based on a certain basic structure.

When we talk about the root structure, we see that scientists have different opinions on this issue. For example, V.A. Zvegintsev describes the primordial structure as an extremely common and at the same time very abstract category [14.180]. 

O. Espersen, who described the root structure as a deep structure, writes that this category has a non-linguistic status [15.58]. Because the scientist interprets the primordial structure as a category of concepts. But a number of scholars disagree. Including, N. Turniyozov writes: "In our opinion, there are some ambiguities in O. Espersen's comments on the conceptual category. In particular, the idea that this category has non-linguistic status requires comment. In our view, if we say that this category is nolinguistic in nature, then the concept of primordial structure has nothing to do with language, and it is a completely logical or semantic category. If this category, although it exists in our thinking, is related to a morphological means of language, such as a word in the cut function (of course, it depends on the cut, because the original structure is formed within the predicate), then it is inappropriate to study it as a nonlinguistic category” [12.96].

In addition to this, it can also be said that the category of concept is the category of thinking, but at the same time it is undoubtedly the category of language. Otherwise, in the words of II Meshchaninov, it would exist only in thinking, without being reflected in language [17.196]. 

In general, the basic structure serves as the basic structure for the formation of the syntactic structure of the sentence:

1. Babur and his navkars stopped near Feruza gate (P. Kadyrov. Starry nights).
2. Mrs. Reed silently left the room (Sh. Bronte. Jane Eyre).

It appears that the primitive structure is represented by the words stopped in the first and left in the second.

But this does not mean that the primordial structure is always expressed in a single word. If necessary, the original structure can be expressed in two or more words:

1. When I remember my childhood, warm summer nights come to my mind (O. Hoshimov. World affairs).
2. I stopped going for walks (Sh. Bronte. Jane Eyre).

The second step in speech structure derivation analysis is to determine the base structure. In this process, as in the transformational analysis, the horse, the jumping words, the rhymes in place of the horse are marked with the N sign, and the verb with the V sign. The base structure has a more precise content than the base structure and is represented by the N + V symbols. For example:

Spring has come.

He came

However, in some cases the basic structure can also be expressed in a few words. But such basic structures can also be defined by the formula N + V:

1. My eyes darkened (O. Hoshimov. World Affairs).

               N + V

The derivation process begins with the third stage of simple sentence derivation analysis. The X element is added to the N + V structure. In this case, the base structure changes its status and the product acquires the status of a structure:

               My grandmother was talking loudly (G. Gulam. My only thief child).

1. The original structure - they were talking.
2. The basic structure - my grandmother was talking.
3. The structure of the product - my grandmother was talking loudly. (with operator).

This can be expressed by the formula:

N - N + V - N + X + V

In English, the formula remains the same, regardless of the words used in the sentence:

Everyone saw the rider (Mayne Reed is a Headless Horseman.)

1. Deep structure - saw
2. Basic structure - Everyone saw
3. Yosila struktura - Everyone saw the rider. (operator the).

This can be expressed by the formula:

N - N + V - N + X + V

It is characteristic that as the form of speech expands as a result of the addition of new components, new derivative structures are formed and new operators appear on the field. In this case, of course, the previous operator gives its place to the next operator:

There are one or two walnut stubs in the kitchen that once came from the garden (G. Gulam. My thief is my child).

In the given example, the expansion of the syntactic form of the sentence takes place in an applicative way, and the syntactic derivation takes place in five stages:

There are - deep structure.

There are stubs - base structure.

There are walnut stubs - derivative (product).

There are one or two walnut stubs-   derivative (yield).

There are one or two walnut stubs from the garden-  derivative (yield).

There are one or two walnut stubs that once came from the garden -derivate (yield).

There are one or two walnut stubs in the kitchen that once came from the garden -  derivate (yield).

We can see that the syntactic derivation of this sentence is subject to the operator in (in the kitchen). The first stage of the derivation process is characterized by the addition of the zero operator, the second stage, the third stage, the fourth stage and the last stage. The last of these operators takes the status of the operator of syntactic derivation.

It seems that the possibilities of applying the application model in the derivation process are much wider than the transformational and BI method. Through the application model, the sentence form can be expanded as desired based on the base structure. This process occurs by filling the gaps in the base structure:

The Indians brutally took revenge on the murderers of Montezuma (Mayne Reed. The White Chief).

took revenge - fundamental structure.

The Indians took revenge - base structure.

The Indians brutally took revenge - derivate (yield).

The Indians brutally took revenge on the murderers - derivate (yield).

The Indians brutally took revenge on the murderers - derivate (yield).

V- fundamental structure

N + V- base structure

N + X + V - derivative (operator -nul)

N + X + V - derivative (operator –on the)

N + X3 + v - derivat (operator -  of)

This is the algorithm of the syntactic derivation of the given sentence, taken as a whole.

It should be noted that the expansion of the sentence form on the basis of the applicative model plays an important role in the process of syntactic derivation, but also has its value in increasing the valence of the verb that forms the original structure:

 He greeted both women with a hug (O. Hoshimov).

V-tube structure (greeted)

N + V- base structure (He greeted)

N + X + V - derivat He greeted with a hug (operator )

N + X2 + V - derivat He greeted both women (operator - with)

Apparently, He greeted In the process of filling the gaps in the base structure He in addition to the first level actant with both women third level actant is also included in the sentence. With a hug The word comes as a zirconstant function.  As a result, we can call the verb in this sentence a bivalent verb, taking into account one first and one third degree actants.

It seems that in English and Uzbek the principles of derivation of a simple sentence remain the same. Only operators can be represented by different components.

References

[1] Buslaev F.I. Historical grammar of the Russian language. - M., 1959. S. 25. [2] Potebnya A.A. Iz zapisok po russkoy grammatike. – M., 1958. - T.1-2. S.68. [3] Xayrullaev X. Hierarchical relationship of language units. - Tashkent, 2008, p.19. [4] Benvenist E. Obshchaya lingvistika.- M., 1974.-S. 139. [5] Leshka. L. Hierarchy of tiers of stroya yazyka and ix perekryvanie. Thesis dokl., prochitannogo na sovetsko-chexoslovatskom symposiume na temu: «Edenitsy raznyx urovney grammaticheskogo stroya yazyka i ix vzaimodeystvie» .- M., 1967.- ?. 5; [6] Trnka B. On the linguistic sign and the multilevel organization of language. «Traraux linguistiques de Prague». - Prague, 1964.-C.38. [7] Turniyozov N. Some Comments on Speech Pieces // Foreign Philology, 2004, ? 4. [8] Turniyozova Sh. Derivational features of text formation in modern Uzbek. Nomz. dis. Tashkent. 2010. 55-p. [9] Turniyazov N.Q. Speech and its derivation features // Uzbek language derivation syntax. –Tashkent, 2011. - B.79. [10] Turniyazov N.Q. Linguistic theories of foreign countries. Samarkand. 2007. Linguistic theories of foreign countries. Samarkand.2007. 22-b. [11] Turniyozov N., Turniyozov B., Turniyozova Sh. Uzbek language derivation syntax. Tashkent, 2011. 96-p [12] Khrakovskiy VS Transformation and derivation // Problems of structural linguistics. - Moscow: Nauka, 1973. [13] Zvegintsev V.A. Yazyk i lingvisticheskaya teoriya –M., 1973. - S.180. [14] Espersen O. Philosophical grammar. - M., 1958. -S.58. [15] Meshchaninov I.I. Chleny predlozheniya i chasti rechi.- M. - L., 1954. - S. 196.

Copyright

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