Literature Review on Design and Fabrication of Agriculture Machine by Using A. I. S.

Abstract

From the time immemorial, the sun is the major source of energy for life on earth used for heat and lighting. Nowadays, solar energy has been known as a renewable energy source. It is an alternative energy to that of fossil fuel and it can be collected from the renewable resources such as sun, wind and hydro. This paper introduces a new development of grass cutter, named as Smart Solar Grass Cutter, by using solar irradiance as a primary energy source with the presence of a solar panel. This grass cutter prototype is developed to reduce air pollutant and improve the current design specifically the blade position based on the previous studies. With current technology, this new prototype is designed as remotely controlled grass cutter using Arduino UNO. Smartphone is used as the remote controller. After developing an established prototype, the design analysis is carried out to be validate with the theoretical values to ensure that the prototype can be safely used. The Smart Solar Grass Cutter can operate more than two hours when the used battery is fully charged. Based upon the results, the Smart Solar Grass Cutter is reliable with high efficiency of the system compared to the previous studies. Therefore, it can be concluded that the prototype is reliable and environmentally friendly.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

India is a grarian economies and most of rural populations depend on agriculture to earn their livelihood. The farming methods at present are manual or semi-automatic with high involvement of labourers. In the recent years, the number of labour availability is reducing continuously along with increase in their wages.

There is a requirement of higher productivity. Hence the device is to be designed which helps farmers to overcome the stated problem. Automated Machines can provide us the solution. The main application of machines in the commercial sector has been concerned with the substitution of manual human labour by machines or mechanized systems to make the work more time efficient, accurate, uniform and less costly.

One may argue the social implications of such developments, for example, the effects on employment through loss of blue-collar jobs to the more efficient machinic counterpart; there are also ethical considerations that may be argued. Whilst there may well be some validity to the argument in some cases, this current project is unique in the number of stakeholders that are affected in a positive sense. The farmers benefits are found in more efficient maintenance of the crops and either less work for themselves or a decreased need for the employment of others (arguably, an expensive process). Increased demand on growers has begun to be met with increased specific automation in many fields, as producers believe that automation is a viable and sometimes necessary method to ensure maximum profits with minimum costs. Indeed, Hopkins argues that automation enables the expansion of a farm without having to invest more financial resources on labour. Merchants may benefit from increased sales due to a lower cost product; the consumers will benefit, likewise, from a lower cost product of comparable quality. The stakeholders that benefit most, at least from an ethical or social perspective, however, are the farm workers. This project presents the design and construction of an autonomous machine that seeks to address some of the human health concerns associated with farms. This machine is designed as a base for developing systems to enable the automation of farming processes such as the spraying of pesticides, picking of fruit and the caring for diseased plants. The system is designed to be as modular as possible, enabling the development and/or modification of any of the individual tasks.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Firas B. Ismail et.al [1]: This research has the conventional grass cutters have been widely used recently by workers in the gardening and agricultural industries. However, the manual handled grass cutters are consuming a lot of energy and producing air pollution which can directly affect the workers’ health. The conventional grass cutters are also creating a high level of noise and vibration which can cause serious health issues such as grip strength, decreased hand sensation and dexterity, finger blanching or ‘white fingers’ and carpal tunnel[1].In order to address these issues, a new design of a grass cutter machine has been proposed. This device can be fueled by solar energy and smartly controlled, which has been named as a Smart Solar Grass Cutter that has three main systems which are smart control system, solar system, and the grass cutter. According to the national air space association (NASA), there is a 1.361 kW/m² of solar irradiance received at the top of Earth's atmosphere
2. T. Koppel et.al [2]: The aim of this study was to compare vibration and noise characteristics caused by different types of lawn maintenance machines in association with the risk factors to workers’ health. In the present study, the method connecting vibration hazard, health damages and risk levels is presented. Three types of agriculture machines were investigated: all-terrain vehicles (ATV), simple lawn-mowers, ride-on mowers. These machines are used not only in occupational settings, but also by the inhabitants for cutting grass. The gardeners and maintenance workers of the municipal authorities use them daily, sometimes 8 hours a day. The protective equipment against noise is used in occupational settings, but hardly by the public. Noise was evaluated using a Sound Level Meter (TES 1358) following the standard ISO 9612:2009. Vibration was determined as acceleration, velocity and amplitude – measured using a Vibration Dosimeter & Analyser (SV 100) following the standards ISO 2631-4, EVS-EN 5349-2. The risk to the health is assessed by the original flexible risk assessment method worked out in TTU. On the basis of this flexible model the scheme for connecting the local and whole-body vibration hazards and possible health damages was worked out. The results showed that there are differences in the noise and vibration generated by the ATV, lawn-mowers and ride-on mowers. The safest was ride-on mower (local vibration below 1.15 m (s2 ) -1). Lawnmowers gave high vibration levels (over 3 m (s2 ) -1). The personal protective equipment (PPE) has to be worn by all users of the investigated machines. The noise spectral content by these three types of machines is presented and it is different. This enables to choose the right type of ear-muffs by the frequency of noise. The PPE against vibration is also available.
3. R. V. Sanjana Arunesh et.al [3]: Grass cutter machines have become very popular today. Most common machines are used for soft grass furnishing. This project aim at developing the Grass cutter operation and construction. The main parts of the Grass cutting machines are DC motor of 75HP capacity, relay switch for controlling motor, Battery for charging it through solar panel. It is placed in a suitable machine structure. The motor have 18000 rpm and it is connected to the electric supply by the use of a roll of wire. The motor rpm increased by the help of gears. Motor controlled by an electric switch for easy operation. The tempered blades are attached in this machine. The raw materials mainly used are GI sheet, motor, switch, wheel, wire, aluminum sheet, square pipe, paint, insulating material and other standard item like nuts, bolts and reverts. The machines required for manufacturing includes welding machine, grinding machine etc. Working principle of the grass cutter is providing a high speed rotation to the blade, which helps to cut the grass. The blade will get kinetic energy while increasing the rpm. The cutting edges are very smooth and accurate. Also Electric Grass Cutting Machines are much easier to be used in garden, lawn and grass fields. In order to enhance the beauty of home- lawns and gardens, Grass cutting machines are the best available option in the industry. With the help of a lawn mower which is a machine with revolving blades to help us cutting lawns at even length, people can easily maintain and beautify their lawns and gardens without any hassle. Now-a-days, there are plenty of options starting from the simplest push along mower to the most advanced electric grass cutting machine. According to world energy report, we get around 80% of our energy from conventional fossil fuels like oil (36%), natural gas (21%) and coal (23%). It is well known that the time is not so far when all these sources will be completely exhausted. So, alternative sources should be used to avoid energy crisis in the nearby future.
4. Aybek, A., Kamer et.al [4]: Approximately one million agricultural tractors are used in Turkey for crop production and about onethird of the population lives in rural areas. The objectives of this study were to determine sound pressure levels, A-weighted sound pressure levels, and the permissible exposure time for tractors without cabins, field-installed cabins, and original cabins at ear level of agricultural tractor operators for following machines: plows, cultivators, top soil cultivators, rotary tillers, tool combinations (harrow þ roller), mechanical drills, pneumatic drills, chemical applicators, fertilizer applicators, drum mowers, balers, and forage harvesters. Variance analyses showed that type of operation, type of cabins, and operation cabin interactions were statistically significant (P < 0.01) both for sound pressure levels and equivalent (A-weighted) sound pressure levels. The use of original cabins had a greater effect in decreasing average sound pressures and resulted in more efficient noise insulation, especially at higher center frequencies compared to field installed cabins whereas field-installed cabins proved to be more favorable compared to tractors without cabins. Sound pressure levels at 4000 Hz center frequency was reduced 2–13 dB and 4–18 dB by using a field-installed cabin and an original cabin, respectively. The measured A-weighted equivalent sound pressure levels were compared to the threshold limit level, and was concluded that depending on the cabin types used, the operators could usually work from 4 to 6 h a day without suffering from noise induced inconveniences while 2–3 h is permissible for plowing and forage harvesting on tractors without cabins. Due to timeliness considerations in agricultural machine operations, a farmer would not be willing to interrupt the operation based on permissible exposure time set by the standards.
5. B. P. Dilip et.al [5]: Nowadays, pollution is the major issue in the universe. In case Gas powered lawn mowers due to the emission of gases it is responsible for pollution. Also the cost of fuel is increasing hence it is not efficient. Traditionally, lawn mowers are often clunky pieces of machinery that involves a lot of strength and energy to use. These present and hightech grass cutters however, have been creatively designed to make the whole landscaping process much simpler and easier for the user. From robotic lawn mowers that can incredibly cut the grass for you to those that are cleverly powered by solar energy, these convenient and easy-to-use grass-cutting devices make straightening up your lawn more pleasing. The Grass Cutters use cordless electric mowers, trimmers and blowers powered by clean renewable energy generated by solar panels mounted on our trucks and trailers. We also use reel push mowers for smaller hard to access areas like pathways and parks. There’s no oil, and no pollution. Just clean air, less noise, and green grass.
6. F. D. W. Praful et.al [6]: This research paper published on 20th May 2021. Adding to the list of environmental challenges facing agriculture, COVID-19 and the demographics of age, migration and urbanization pose a serious threat to the sustainability of farm businesses and food security[1]. In particular, farm businesses across the world are struggling to fill vacancies and provide safe working conditions for labourers. Autonomous robots could help address these immediate challenges[2]. Whilst their physical manifestation comprises hardware, such as a vehicle combined with manipulators, their autonomy is derived from sophisticated algorithms rooted in artificial intelligence. These algorithms fuse sensor data to enable control and real-time decision support. Autonomous robots can perform tasks collaboratively with humans (so-called co-bots) or on their own[2]. Apart from isolated on-farm examples, autonomous platforms with robotic mobility that fuse multiple technologies across a single fleet (for example, crop forecasting, planting, harvesting and packing) are not yet fully implementable and face substantial barriers. However, there is already adoption of static robotic milking technologies in the dairy sector and in-field deployment of tractor-mounted robotic manipulators to remove weeds and protect crops from pests and diseases[2].
7. O. A. Tanimola et.al [7]: This research paper published on August 2019. Over the last century, agriculture transformed from a labour-intensive industry towards mechanisation and power-intensive production systems, while over the last 15 years agricultural industry has started to digitise. Through this transformation there was a continuous labour outflow from agriculture, mainly from standardized tasks within production process. Robots and artificial intelligence can now be used to conduct non-standardised tasks (e.g. fruit picking, selective weeding, crop sensing) previously reserved for human workers and at economically feasible costs. As a consequence, automation is no longer restricted to standardized tasks within agricultural production (e.g. ploughing, combine harvesting). In addition, many job roles in agriculture may be augmented but not replaced by robots. Robots in many instances will work collaboratively with humans. This new robotic ecosystem creates complex ethical, legislative and social impacts. A key question, we consider here, is what are the short and mid-term effects of robotised agriculture on sector jobs and employment? The presented work outlines the conditions, constraints, and inherent relationships between labour input and technology input in bio-production, as well as, provides the procedural framework and research design to be followed in order to evaluate the effect of adoption automation and robotics in agriculture.
8. H. A. B. Y. M. Gaikwd et.al [8]: In this review, we examine opportunities and challenges for 21st-century robotic agricultural cotton harvesting research and commercial development. The paper reviews opportunities present in the agricultural robotics industry, and a detailed analysis is conducted for the cotton harvesting robot industry. The review is divided into four sections: (1) general agricultural robotic operations, where we check the current robotic technologies in agriculture; (2) opportunities and advances in related robotic harvesting fields, which is focused on investigating robotic harvesting technologies; (3) status and progress in cotton harvesting robot research, which concentrates on the current research and technology development in cotton harvesting robots; and (4) challenges in commercial deployment of agricultural robots, where challenges to commercializing and using these robots are reviewed. Conclusions are drawn about cotton harvesting robot research and the potential of multipurpose robotic operations in general. The development of multipurpose robots that can do multiple operations on different crops to increase the value of the robots is discussed. In each of the sections except the conclusion, the analysis is divided into four robotic system categories; mobility and steering, sensing and localization, path planning, and robotic manipulation.
9. Ashish kumar chaudhari et.al [9]: Crop and Pasture Science (formerly known as Australian Journal of Agricultural Research) is an international journal publishing outcomes of strategic research in crop and pasture sciences and the sustainability of farming systems. The primary focus is broad-scale cereals, grain legumes, oilseeds and pastures. Articles are encouraged that advance understanding in plant-based agricultural systems through the use of well-defined and original aims designed to test a hypothesis, innovative and rigorous experimental design, and strong interpretation. The journal embraces experimental approaches from molecular level to whole systems, and the research must present novel findings and progress the science of agriculture. Crop and Pasture Science is read by agricultural scientists and plant biologists, industry, administrators, policy-makers, and others with an interest in the challenges and opportunities facing world agricultural production. To facilitate accessibility and clarity, research papers should address a clearly enunciated hypothesis, and the Abstract should define the novel outcomes.
10. Arkin E. M. Fekete et.al [10]: This review article analyses state-of-the-art and future perspectives for harvesting robots in high-value crops. The objectives were to characterize the crop environment relevant for robotic harvesting, to perform a literature review on the state-of-the-art of harvesting robots using quantitative measures, and to reflect on the crop environment and literature review to formulate challenges and directions for future research and development. Harvesting robots were reviewed regarding the crop harvested in a production environment, performance indicators, design process techniques used, hardware design decisions, and algorithm characteristics. On average, localization success was 85%, detachment success was 75%, harvest success was 66%, fruit damage was 5%, peduncle damage was 45%, and cycle time was 33 s. A kiwi harvesting robot achieved the shortest cycle time of 1 s. Moreover, the performance of harvesting robots did not improve in the past three decades, and none of these 50 robots was commercialized. Four future challenges with R&D directions were identified to realize a positive trend in performance and to successfully implement harvesting robots in practice: (1) simplifying the task, (2) enhancing the robot, (3) defining requirements and measuring performance, and (4) considering additional requirements for successful implementation. This review article may provide new directions for future automation projects in high-value crops.
11. Reid J. F. Zhang et.al [11]: This study reviewed research published after 1990 on the economics of agricultural mechatronic automation and robotics, and identified research gaps. A systematic search was conducted from the following databases: ScienceDirect, Business Source Complete, Wiley, Emerald, CAB Abstract, Greenfile, Food Science Source and AgEcon Search. This identified 4817 documents. The screening of abstracts narrowed the range to a dataset of 119 full text documents. After eligibility assessment, 18 studies were subjected to a qualitative analysis, with ten focused on automation of specific horticultural operations and eight related to autonomous agricultural equipment. All of the studies found some scenarios in which automation and robotic technologies were profitable. Most studies employed partial budgeting considering only costs and revenues directly changed by the introduction of automation or robotics and assuming everything else constant. None examined cropping system changes, or regional and national impacts on markets, trade and labour demand. The review identified a need for in-depth research on the economic implications of the technology. Most of the studies reviewed estimated economic implications assuming that technology design parameters were achieved and/or based on data from prototypes. Data are needed on the benefits and problems with using automation and robotics on farm. All of the studies reviewed were in the context of agriculture in developed countries, but many of the world’s most pressing agricultural problems are in the developing world. Economic and social research is needed to understand those developing country problems, and guide the engineers and scientists creating automation and robotic solutions.
12. Avital Bechar et.al [12]: This review investigates the research effort, developments and innovation in agricultural robots for field operations, and the associated concepts, principles, limitations and gaps. Robots are highly complex, consisting of different sub-systems that need to be integrated and correctly synchronized to perform tasks perfectly as a whole and successfully transfer the required information. Extensive research has been conducted on the application of robots and automation to a variety of field operations, and  has been widely demonstrated. Agricultural robots for field operations must be able to operate in unstructured agricultural environments with the same quality of work achieved by current methods and means. To assimilate , technologies must be developed to overcome continuously changing conditions and variability in produce and environments. Intelligent systems are needed for successful task performance in such environments. The robotic system must be cost-effective, while being inherently safe and reliable—human safety, and preservation of the environment, the crop and the machinery are mandatory. Despite much progress in recent years, in most cases the technology is not yet commercially available. Information-acquisition systems, including sensors, fusion algorithms and data analysis, need to be adjusted to the dynamic conditions of unstructured agricultural environments. Intensive research is needed on integrating human operators into the  for increased system performance and reliability. System sizes should be reduced while improving the integration of all . For robots to perform in agricultural environments and execute agricultural tasks, research must focus on: fusing complementary sensors for adequate  and sensing abilities, developing simple manipulators for each agricultural task, developing path planning, navigation and guidance algorithms suited to environments besides open fields and known a-priori, and integrating human operators in this complex and highly dynamic situation.
13. Morton Lillomo et.al [13]: Recent advances in robot and sensor technology makes it possible to survey a large number of plants in a non destructive and cost efficient way. The present research approach includes measurements with VIS/NIR multispectral camera mounted on UAV and robot and traditional manual ground measurements. The analysis presented here, aims (1) to evaluate the use of multispectral imaging from drone and robot as phenotyping tools, (2) to compare images from drone and robot to see how they can complement each other for an optimized analysis of the plants and (3) to study the reflectance response of various plant species exposed to two different regimes of fertilizers. The sensors on UAVs provide a unique perspective of the growth of the plants revealing the map of the variations within the field of study.
14. Mohammad Thariq Hameed Sultan et.al [14]: This says that The agriculture industry is one that is highly resource- and labour-intensive. As such, farmers are increasingly turning to technology and automation to address this issue. However, agricultural robots are far too complicated, slow, and costly to be made publicly available. As a result, the agriculture sector still lags behind in integrating modern technologies. This research paper details the development of a low-cost agricultural robot for spraying fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture fields as well as for general crop monitoring. The prototype system is a two-wheeled robot that consists of a mobile base, a spraying mechanism, a wireless controller for controlling the robot movement, and a camera for crop health and growth monitoring as well as detecting the presence of pests in the agriculture field. Tests conducted on the prototype system show that while the productivity of the robot in terms of crop coverage is slightly lower than a human worker, the labour cost savings afforded by the agricultural robot prototype is much greater as it functions completely in an autonomous mode and only requires the operator to control the robot when placing it at the start of the crop path. Furthermore, the prototype system also provides greater resource savings and reduction in the contamination of underground water sources due to leeching process, thus achieving precision agriculture goals. Lastly, the excellent battery life of the prototype system ensures that there will be no increase in the operation times and reduction in the efficiency of the fertilizer and pesticide spraying process due to the recharging times when replacing human workers. Future recommendations include making the agricultural robot fully autonomous, using either a rail- or line-following system, to further reduce the labour requirements and costs.
15. Shiva Gorijin et.al [15]: Rapid advancements in science and technology have become a driving force behind robotics and automation technology developments in agriculture. Digital agriculture has opened ways of improving efficiency and reducing energy inputs by utilizing information technology to make agricultural activities more productive and consistent. Implementation of digital and automation systems, including robots, communication networks, computer-based sensors and actuators, and other advanced farm machinery, has the potential to transform agricultural activities while there is still room for improvement. The increasing rate of using fossil fuels as the power source in agricultural farms will neither be affordable nor sustainable due to climate change concerns and the adverse effects of volatile fossil fuel prices on production costs. Solar energy is the most abundant and reliable source of energy, and photovoltaic (PV) technology is the predominant electrical renewable technology for electricity production. PV technology has gradually become an energy-saving and cost-effective technique in the transformation from traditional to modern agriculture. In this chapter, the utilization of PV systems in agricultural automation and robotics is presented and case studies are discussed.
16. Tanha Talaviya et.al [16]: Agriculture plays a significant role in the economic sector. The automation in agriculture is the main concern and the emerging subject across the world. The population is increasing tremendously and with this increase the demand of food and employment is also increasing. The traditional methods which were used by the farmers, were not sufficient enough to fulfill these requirements. Thus, new automated methods were introduced. These new methods satisfied the food requirements and also provided employment opportunities to billions of people. Artificial Intelligence in agriculture has brought an agriculture revolution. This technology has protected the crop yield from various factors like the climate changes, population growth, employment issues and the food security problems. This main concern of this paper is to audit the various applications of Artificial intelligence in agriculture such as for irrigation, weeding, spraying with the help of sensors and other means embedded in robots and drones. These technologies saves the excess use of water, pesticides, herbicides, maintains the fertility of the soil, also helps in the efficient use of man power and elevate the productivity and improve the quality. This paper surveys the work of many researchers to get a brief overview about the current implementation of automation in agriculture, the weeding systems through the robots and drones. The various soil water sensing methods are discussed along with two automated weeding techniques. The implementation of drones is discussed, the various methods used by drones for spraying and crop-monitoring is also discussed in this paper.
17. Paul R. Fisher et.al [17]: Transplanting of unrooted plant cuttings to produce rooted liner trays is a manufacturing process that requires considerable manual labour. However, increasing labour cost and reduced labour availability has increased interest in automation. The objective was to evaluate return on investment of transplanting robots, and identify key factors that businesses should consider when purchasing a transplanting robot. Data on labour costs, cuttings transplanted, and costs of automated transplanting were surveyed at six greenhouse firms. The resulting average scenario assumed an annual labour cost of $408,377 to manually transplant 29.3 million (M) cuttings at $12.49 per hour, resulting in a cost of $0.014 per cutting. An investment of $125,000 in one transplant robot operated for up to 76 h per week (2 shifts) had an annualized cost of $70,270 ($6,250 cost of ownership and $64,020 labour cost for robot operators). The robot could transplant 7.2 M cuttings per year (25% of the total), at an average cost of $0.010 per cutting compared with $0.014 for manual transplanting. With these assumptions, over 10 years the transplant robot would yield an annual cash flow saving of $29,891 a Net Present Value (NPV) of $105,807 and a discounted payback period of 4.8 years. Each transplant robot would reduce labour requirements during the peak week by two full time equivalent workers (3% of total workforce). Sensitivity analysis showed investment in automatic transplanting was increasingly profitable with a high local wage, and low manual labour efficiency (few cuttings per workers). There were economies of scale when more than one robot was used. Greater efficiency resulted from increasing hours of robot operation during the peak period, and in operations where cuttings were transplanted throughout the year. Results can be used to evaluate the impact of automation on labour cost and availability for the transplant process.

Conclusion

1) The prototype gave a fairly good rate of area coverage with a reasonably low operating cost. The system addresses the issue of dearth of agricultural labour and ensures safe agricultural practices by completely eliminating, handling of harmful chemicals, cutting crops and extensive labour by the farmer as it can be operated remotely. 2) The proposed spraying & mower Machine is suitable for small and medium scale farmers. Large scale production of the spraying unit will reduce the cost significantly giving partial thrust to Indian agriculture practices. 3) The unit can be scaled up based on the requirement. The developed system can not only be used for spraying fertilizer, pesticides, fungicides, lawn watering and crop cutting, weeding and lawn mowing but also for maintenance of sports fields like cricket ground. 4) With the proposed design of the Machine in this project, the above mentioned gaps can be eliminated completely. This project integrates two of the major activities in agriculture which are Pesticide spraying and Crop Cutting (or Weed Removal). 5) Workload on the farmers is decreased and health problems also. Successful in constructing Machine which can be travelled on rough, uneven surfaces also and weighing enough load of pump and other equipment. Successful in developing a Machine whose construction is enough to withstand the challenges of the field.

References

[1] Firas B. Ismail, Nizar F.O. Al-Muhsen, Fazreen A. Fuzi, A. Zukipli, “Design and Development of Smart Solar Grass Cutter”, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, pp 4137-4141, ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-9, Issue-2, December 2019 [2] T. Koppel, P. Tint, G. Karajeva, K. Reinhold, and S. Kalle, \"Vibration and noise caused by lawn maintenance machines in association with risk to health,\" Agronomy Research, vol. 10, pp. 251-260, 01/01 2012. [3] R. V. Sanjana Arunesh, Shreyas Arunesh, Nivetha N., \"Design and Implementation of Automatic Lawn Cutter,\" IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering, vol. 2, no. 11, 2016, doi:http://www.ijste.org/articles/IJSTEV2I11065 [4] Aybek, A., Kamer, H.A., Arslan, S. 2010. Personal noise exposures of operators of agricultural tractors. Applied Ergonomics, 41, (2), 274–291. [5] B. P. Dilip, N. B. P. , V. S. U. , S. W. , and P. S. M. , \"Design and Implementation of Automatic Solar Grass Cutter,\" International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, vol. 6, no. 4, 2017, doi: http://www.ijareeie.com/volume6-issue-4 [6] F. D. W. Praful P. Ulhe, Manish D. Inwate, Krushnkumar S. Dhakte, \"Modification of Solar Grass Cutting Machine,\" IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology, vol. 2, no. 11, 2016, doi: http://www.ijirst.org/articles/IJIRSTV2I11261.pdf. [7] O. A. Tanimola, Diabana, P. D, Bankole, Y. O., \"Design and Development of a Solar Powered Lawn Mower,\" International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, vol. 5, no. 6, 2014, doi: https://www.ijser.org/researchpaper/DESIGN-ANDDEVELOPMENT-OF-A-SOLAR-POWERED-LAWN-MOWER.pdf. [8] H. A. B. Y.M.Gaikwd, Pooja.S.Ighe, Vishakha.S.Birari, \"Solar based Automatic Grass Cutter,\" IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering, vol. 3, no. 7, 2017, doi: http://www.ijste.org/articles/IJSTEV3I7045.pdf [9] Smart Solar Grass Cutter Robot for Grass Trimming\" by Ashish kumar chaudhari, Yuvraj sahu, Pramod kumar sahu, Subhash Chandra verma [10] Arkin, E.M., Fekete, S.P., Mitchell, J.S.B. “The lawnmower problem”, Proceedings of the 5th Canadian Conference on Computational Geometry, 1993, 461-466 [11] Reid, J.F., Zhang. Q., Noguchi, N., and Dickson, M. “Agricultural Automatic Guidance Research in North America.” Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. Vol. 25, 2000, pp. 155-167. [12] Avital Bechar, Clement Vigneault “Agricultural robots for field operations: concepts and components” Biosystems Engineering, 2016 [13] Morton Lillomo.; Caruso, L.; Cerruto, E.; Emma, G.; Schillaci, G. A Prototype of SelfPropelled Sprayer to Reduce Operator Exposure in Greenhouse Treatment. In Proceedings of the Ragusa SHWA International Conference: Innovation Technology to Empower Safety, Health and Welfare in Agriculture and Agro-food Systems, Ragusa, Italy, 15–17 September 2008 [14] Mohammad Thariq Hameed Sultan, Binod Poudel, Ritesh Sapkota, Ravi Bikram Shah, Navaraj Subedi, Anantha Krishna G.L, Design and fabrication of solar powered semi-automatic pesticide sprayer [15] Shiva Gorijin Harshit Jain,Nikunj Gangrade, Sumit Paul, Harshal Gangrade, Jishnu Ghosh, Design and fabrication of Solar pesticide sprayer [16] Tanha Talaviya, Kiran Kumar B M, M S Indira, S Nagaraja Rao Pranupa S, Design and development of Three DoF Solar powered smart spraying agricultural robot. [17] Paul R. Fisher, Julian Senchez-Hermosilla, Francisco Rodriguez Ramon Gonzalez, Jose Luis Guzman2and Manuel Berenguel, A mechatronic description of an autonomous mobile robot for agricultural tasks in greenhouses

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Dr. A. H. Ingle, Mahesh D. Meshram, Manish I. Thakre, Mo. Sahil K. Sheikh, Nayan M. Potdar, Nihal J. Jadhao, Niraj R. Dudhe. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.