Analysis of Drinking Water Quality in Honakere Hobli

Abstract

Water is the most essential and valuable natural gift to mankind as well as the producer and consumer of this planet. Without water there would have been no life, hence it is a matrix of life. It is vital for many aspects of economic and social development. To analyse water quality, different approaches like statistical analyses of individual parameters, multi-stressors water quality indices. Rivers are the lifeline of living beings and constitute an integral part of both rural and urban communities as a source of drinking and cooking purposes. Water used by the public must be free from disease-causing bacteria, toxic chemicals, and excessive amounts of minerals and organic matter. It is important to test the suitability of water quality for its intended purpose, whether it is livestock watering, irrigation, spraying, or drinking water. The purpose of this section is to provide water quality testing information for the village of Nagamangala Taluk that will assist residents using a water supply. It provides information on the importance of water quality monitoring. Out of 20 villages, 8 villages’ water samples are not ideal for drinking purposes because of the higher concentration of TDS, TH, Cl, Ca, SO4, Fe, alkalinity, Mg, and Cd is more in that water samples. And other village water samples are suitable for drinking purposes. Since most of the families from the economically weaker sections of the society directly consume the tap water supplied by the village water supply system without any treatment. However, it is important to monitor the quality of drinking water regularly in rural areas where there is more population growth.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

A. General

Water is one of the most important of all natural resources known on earth. It is important to all living organisms, most ecological systems, human health, food production, and economic development. The safety of drinking water is an ongoing concern within the global village. Traditionally, the safety of potable water supplies has been controlled as water is one of the most important compounds of the ecosystem, but due to increased human population, industrialization, use of fertilizers in agriculture and man-made activity. The natural aquatic resources are causing heavy and varied pollution in aquatic environment leading to pollute water quality and depletion of aquatic biota. It is the, necessary that the quality of drinking water should be checked at regular time of interval, because due to use of contaminated drinking water, human population suffers from varied of water borne diseases. It is difficult to understand the biological phenomena fully because the chemistry of water revels much about the metabolism of the ecosystem and explain the general hydro - biological relationship. It has been reported that coliform-free potable water may not necessarily be free of pathogens.

Access to safety potable drinking water is one the basic amenities of humankind, especially in urban areas of the world because of the high consumption pattern of the large population inhabiting these urban areas. Among the various sources of water, groundwater is considered to be the safest source of drinking water in urban as well as rural areas. In India rural population in particular is more dependent on groundwater sources for their households and agriculture purpose. India is self-sufficient in terms of its freshwater resources, but due to rapid industrialization, high population growth rate and various anthropogenic activities the water resources are getting highly polluted with a number of harmful contaminations. These contaminants can be chemical or microbiological. such contaminants cause various health problems to the consumers. according to the report of the world health organization about 80 percent of all dieses in the world are directly or indirectly related to the contamination of water.

Water, whether for a public municipality, water facility must be tested regularly to keep the source safe and free of potential health and environmental risks. Monitoring water quality by having it tested regularly is an important part of maintaining a safe and reliable source. Testing the water allows a knowledgeable approach to addressing the specific problems of a water supply.

Water Quality can be defined as the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water based on the standards of its usage. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally achieved through treatment of the water, can be assessed. The most common standards used to monitor and assess water quality convey the health of the ecosystem, safety of human contact, extend of water pollution and condition of drinking water. Water quality has a significant impact on water supply and oftentimes determines supply options. The parameters for water quality are determined by the intended use. Work in the area of water quality tends to be focused on water that is treated for potability, industrial/domestic use, or restoration.

B. Importance In Rural Areas

Water is recognized as a human right that “entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses”. The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development acknowledges the role of water in eradicating poverty and ensuring sustainable green growth as essential. The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on clean water and sanitation aims to put the right to water into practice and to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Many other SDGs are closely linked to water-related issues, and water can be considered a fundamental driver of green growth. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas recognizes that their access to natural and productive resources such as water is an increasing challenge, and underscores the importance of the right to access to water and sanitation.

Rural livelihoods are often dependent on adequate water supply, and increasing water scarcity and competition for water resources are threatening these livelihoods. It is therefore of vital importance to ensure access to sufficient, clean, and easily accessible water sources. Globally over 2 billion people live in countries suffering from high levels of water stress, with 22 countries being in a situation of serious water stress. An estimated 4 billion people suffer from severe water stress for at least one month a year. water demand will continue to increase, and it has been estimated that by 2030 nearly half of the population will live in areas of high-water stress, which will result in the displacement of populations. While water scarcity is likely to limit opportunities for economic growth and the creation of decent jobs in rural areas, the increased demand for water in areas with reduced water availability or high competition for water calls for increased diversification of water sources, such as low yielding wells and springs, rainwater or storm water harvesting, urban runoff, and wastewater recycling. This not only has the potential, through technological development, to create jobs in the operation and maintenance of treatment plants to

Target Groups

1. Women in Rural Areas: Women in rural areas are often responsible for water fetching, which may lead to health and security risks, and they are primarily involved in household chores. Their access to water for ensuring food security and hygiene is therefore essential. A lack of basic services such as water and sanitation increase the burden on women and further reduces their participation in the labor market. Innovative solutions to water fetching, as well as improved water sources and other infrastructure, can alleviate this burden and increase their time available for education and paid employment opportunities, and help them to participate in community life on an equal footing.
2. Smallholder Farmers: Smallholder farmers often live in poverty and have to cope with food insecurity and malnutrition. They have low resilience to shocks and are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. They often have limited access to natural resources such as water, and face competition from other water users. The lack of water for irrigation has repercussions on productivity, and their situation is further challenged by the increased unreliability of rainfall. Many smallholders who have access to small-scale irrigation may be unwilling to register their water use officially as they may be liable for higher fees.
3. Indigenous and Tribal Peoples: Indigenous and tribal peoples are over-represented among the poor; they are also among the most water-deprived populations worldwide, and lag behind others in accessing many basic services – including water supply and sanitation services. Under the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169), their right to be consulted regarding measures that will affect their lands is guaranteed.
4. Sanitation Workers: Sanitation workers involved in pit emptying and sewerage works, including manual scavenging practices, have to endure unsanitary and hazardous working conditions that often lead to relatively

C. Objectives

1. To identify suitable surface and sub-surface water sampling points in the study area.
2. To collect the samples identified in sources.
3. To the analysis of water quality according to standard procedures.
4. To the suggestion of suitable remedies measures if any are required.

II. WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS

A. Drinking Water Quality

According to the World Health Organization's 2017 report, safe drinking water is water that "does not represent any significant risk to health over a lifetime of consumption, including different sensitivities that may occur between life stages”. Parameters for drinking water quality typically fall within three categories: physical, chemical, and microbiological. Physical and chemical parameters include heavy metals, trace organic compounds, total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity. Chemical parameters tend to pose more of a chronic health risk through the build-up of heavy metals although some components like nitrates/nitrites and arsenic can have a more immediate impact.

Physical parameters affect the aesthetics and taste of the drinking water and may complicate the removal of microbial pathogens. Microbiological parameters include Coliform bacteria, E. coli, and specific pathogenic species of bacteria (such as cholera-causing Vibrio cholerae), viruses, and protozoan parasites. Originally, fecal contamination was determined by the presence of coliform bacteria, a convenient marker for a class of harmful fecal pathogens. The presence of fecal coliforms (like E. Coli) serves as an indication of contamination by sewage. Additional contaminants include protozoan oocysts such as Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia lamblia, Legionella, and viruses (enteric). Microbial pathogenic parameters are typical of greatest concern because of their immediate health risk.

Table 2.1 Drinking water quality standards

B. Water Quality Index (WQI)

WQI aims to give a single value to the Water Quality of a source reducing a great number of parameters into a simpler expression and enabling easy interpretation of monitoring data. Water Quality Index (WQI) is a technique of rating that provides the composite influence of individual parameters on the overall quality of water. WQI is a well-known method as well as one of the most effective tools to express water quality that offers a simple, stable, reproducible unit of measure and communicates information about water quality to policymakers and concerned citizens. The weights for various water quality parameters are assumed to be inversely proportional to the recommended standards for the corresponding parameters. One of the major advantages of WQI is that it incorporates data from multiple water quality parameters into a mathematical equation that rates the health of water quality with numbers. In this study for the calculation of the water quality index, twelve important parameters were chosen. The WQI has been calculated by using the standards of drinking water quality recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), and the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR). The weighted Arithmetic index method has been used for the calculation the of WQI of the water body. Further quality rating or sub-index was calculated using the following expression,

IV. METHODOLOGY

A. Description Of Study Area

Honakere is the largest village of Nagamangala taluk, It is a village located in the southern state of Karnataka, Honakere hobli is a division of Nagamangala taluk located in Mandya district of Karnataka India. There are 126 villages under honakere hobli which belongs to the Mysore division,

The main water source for honakere hobli is from Hemavathi River. The total population in honakere hobli is around 516 as per the 2011 census. It is located 34km towards the west of district head quatres Mandya, and 11km from nagamangala, 118km from state capital Bangalore.

Honakere is surrounded by Pandavapura Taluk towards the south, Mandya Taluk towards the east, and Krishnarajapet taluk towards the west. It is hot in summer. The normal temperature of honakere hobli is 23.0ºC to 34ºC. the average temperature of honakere hobli in January is 25ºC, February is 27º, March is 29ºC.

B. Sampling Programs

To obtain representative water samples and to preserve their integrity until they are analyzed in the laboratory requires a series of steps, procedures, and practices. The objective of the sampling is to collect a portion of material small enough in volume to be conveniently transported to and handled in the laboratory while still accurately representing the material being sampled. The analytical methods used to measure the physicochemical and bacteriological parameters in rural water samples collected in the study area is provided here.

C. Data Collection

Preliminary survey was conducted in the selected villages to identify the drinking water sources in the villages. At each village, two to three samples were collected in a day and combined to get composite sampling. The samples were collected on April 2023 at all the villages. During sampling period, total samples were collected and transported to the Environmental Engineering laboratory at BGS institute of technology for physio-chemical and microbiological analysis. The rural water samples were collected using polyethylene bottle rinsed with distilled water.

D. Total Dissolved Solids

Excess minerals can also get dissolved in the water from agricultural and urban runoff as well as from urban wastewater and industrial wastes and contaminate drinking water or water bodies. These dissolved minerals in water are referred to as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), but in this study, the obtained values of total dissolved solids are between BIS standard values (500-2000 mg/l). Total Dissolved solids (TDS) of waterers to the inorganic salts and organic matter present in water which may be due to the presence of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, carbonates, hydrogen carbonate, and ions of chloride, sulphate, and nitrate (WHO,1996). The increase in TDS is mainly due to seawater intrusion and an increase in salts.

E. Total Hardness

Total hardness of water is an important consideration in determining its suitability of water for domestic and industrial uses. Hardness is caused by multivalent metallic cations and with certain anions present in the water to form scale. The principal hardness-causing cations are the divalent calcium, magnesium, strontium, ferrous ions, and manganous ions.

We have not obtained the values of total hardness in between the BIS standards (200-600 mg/l) but, in Mallegowdanahalli, the hardness value is 780.5mg/l which is not good for drinking purposes. Water described as “hard” contains high amounts of naturally occurring dissolved calcium and magnesium. Total hardness is the sum of the calcium and magnesium concentrations, both expressed as calcium carbonate, in milligrams per liter (mg/L). You can determine your water’s hardness based on these concentrations of calcium carbonate:

H. Fluoride

The obtained fluoride value while conducting the water quality analysis of honakere hobli was in between BIS standards (1-1.5 mg/L) except Kemmanahalli and Gaganahalli where Gaganahalli as reported highest fluoride content in honakere hobli. Fluoride (F-) concentration is an important aspect of hydrogen chemistry, because of its impact on human health. The recommended concentration of F- in drinking water is 1.50 mg/l. Low F- content (<0.60mg/l) causes dental caries, whereas high (>1.20mg/l) fluoride levels result in fluorosis. Bureau of Indian Standard for drinking water (BIS, 2012) has specified a fluoride limit between 1.0 and 1.5 mg/l for drinking water. Honakere had a higher level (2.0mg/l) and may cause dental fluorosis, skeletal fluoros, which are non-vertebral fractures, especially hip fractures. Apart from fluorosis, a high intake of fluorides may also cause gastrointestinal complaints such as loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, ulcer pain in the stomach, constipation, and intermittent diarrhea and flatulence. The adolescent age group is the most vulnerable to fluoride pollution and it is a worldwide problem (WHO, 2004). Samples exceeding the fluoride level greater than 1.5mg/l are needed to be defluorinated with immediate attention to negativize the impacts of high fluoride levels on human consumption in the Honakere area.

VI. RECOMMENDATIONS

The most common way to reduce hard water is a salt-based water softener. These units work by exchanging ions in the magnesium and calcium in your water. This activity exchanges these minerals with sodium. This is one of the most effective ways to remove water hardness, but it requires routine maintenance. You’ll need to refill your water softener with specialty bags of salt in order to maintain your soft water or the simplest method of softening hard water is by boiling it. When you boil water, the salts precipitate leaving clean, soft water. The most common water treatment devices for reducing the chloride content of drinking water are reverse osmosis. To reduce bacteriological impurities entire well will need to be disinfected using chlorine and any water will need to be boiled before being used. It is also important to inspect the well after it’s been treated to make sure any openings are properly sealed so that it doesn’t have bacteria growth again in the future.

Conclusion

The study provides information about the water quality status of 15 villages in honakere hobli. The parameters namely pH, color, turbidity, alkalinity, nitrate, total dissolved solids, sulphate, manganese, lead, aluminum, EC, arsenic were within the permissible standard limits and satisfy the requirement for the use of drinking except for total hardness, calcium, magnesium, zinc, fluoride, iron, copper. The microbiological quality of Kemmanahalli and Huruligaganahalli water sources showed the presence of coliforms in the ground water, disinfection is required before consumption.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Preetham K P, Pavan Gowda T G, Sahana A, Shridhara J K, Dr. T. Mahadevaiah. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.