Dynamic Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles Using RFID Protection

Abstract

Electric vehicle (EV) development in transportation is growing rapidly, offering clean and sustainable transportation. The key challenges in the EV are high cost, limited range, battery recycling, charging infrastructure, and many more. Among these challenges, charging presents a double difficulty: limited availability and slow charging times. To address these challenges, charging infrastructure needs to be expanded, develop wireless charging technologies and advancements in battery technologies. In wireless charging there is static, charging while the vehicle is at rest, and dynamic, charging when the vehicle is in motion. EVs can be charged dynamically while they are moving, maximizing energy efficiency and reducing downtime for charging. In this paper a small-scale prototype for dynamic wireless charging with Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), is discussed. RFID integration enables convenient and secure user access and prevents energy theft by unauthorized charging. RFID tag is positioned at the start of the charging path. The dynamic charging system with RFID protection is shown to be feasible and effective by the prototype. The prototype has to demonstrate its capacity to safely and effectively charge EVs in real time while reducing the possibility of unwanted access or energy theft.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Over the past century, our dependence on vehicles, especially the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles, has become essential in our daily lives. However, there are significant drawbacks, which majorly include an increment in oil prices and harmful air pollution, leading to health issues and climatic change [1]. Electric vehicles present a promising solution to these issues by significantly reducing emissions. If EVs are powered by clean, renewable energy sources (Ex: wind, solar), they have the potential to nearly eliminate pollution from their operation, addressing both local air quality concerns and the broader issue of global climate change [2].

EVs run on electric motors powered by rechargeable batteries. To compete with the performance of ICE vehicles, EVs need good performance, which means the battery capacity and charging options must meet market standards. In response to the challenges posed by traditional wired connections, there has been a surge in interest in wireless charging for EVs [3]. Wireless technology has two main methods: static and dynamic charging. With static charging, EVs need to come to a stop and align with a ground-based charging pad at a stationary charging station [4]. While this eliminates the need for physical plugs, it introduces charging delays as the vehicle remains stationary during the charging process. On the other hand, dynamic charging presents an innovative solution. This method enables vehicles to charge while on the move, eliminating downtime.

A. Wireless Power Transfer

Wireless charging has several advantages over wired charging methods. Its major appeal is the convenience and ease of use it offers, eliminating the need for complicated cables. With reduced wear and tear on charging equipment and devices, wireless charging ensures enhanced durability and longevity. Moreover, wireless charging is much safer because it minimizes the risk of electrical hazards and damage. Wireless charging enhances aesthetics and offers greater flexibility. Additionally, ongoing advancements in efficiency and charging speeds ensure that wireless charging remains a fool-proof solution for powering modern electronics.

The WPT technologies are classified into two types, they are Non-radiative (Near-field) and Radiative (Far-field). These are further classified as shown in fig.1 [5]. They are Inductive Power Transfer (IPT), Magnetic Resonant Coupling (MRC), Radio waves, Capacitive Power Transfer, Magnetic gear etc., among the mentioned technologies

IPT, MRC are very effective in charging these EVs. More importantly, they all transmit the power through an AC supply and then follow the rectification, AC to DC, for charging of batteries.

1. Mechanism

The wireless charging mechanism initiates with the power grid as the primary power source, where electricity undergoes conversion from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) via a power converter. The DC power is then supplied to the transmitter unit, comprising an inverter circuit and a copper coil, which generates an alternating electromagnetic field. This field propagates outward, carrying energy to the receiver unit located within its range. The receiver unit, equipped with a receiver coil and associated circuitry, captures the electromagnetic energy and converts it back into DC. This rectified and regulated power is then supplied to the battery for charging, with safety and control mechanisms in place to monitor and regulate parameters like temperature and voltage. Throughout this process, efficient energy transfer and careful management ensure optimal charging while maintaining safety and reliability.

In this paper, Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) is further discussed. Inductive Power Transfer relies on electromagnetic waves to transmit the power from the transmitter coils to the receiver coil, then the power is rectified to charge the battery. IPT has been widely accepted in the automobile industry as it possesses the potential to charge EVs efficiently. However, the inefficiency of IPT due to significant leakage inductance [7] can be mitigated using compensation networks and this approach may introduce compatibility challenges and higher costs. They have little range of power transmission as the Electromagnetic field strength decreases with an increase in the distance of EV to be charged. This can’t be a serious issue as the transmitter and receiver coils can be closely spaced with the former being placed on the road and the latter on the bottom of the EV. The level of power transmission and efficiency is high in the case of IPT and can be the best choice in WPT for EVs. Besides the technical aspects, these are straightforward in design and offer a high level of convenience in WPT.

???????B. Dynamic Wireless Charging

Dynamic charging is also known as in-motion charging. It presents a novel approach to address many challenges by enabling vehicles to charge while on the move without depleting the batteries [8]. Dynamic charging systems involve the transmission of electrical energy from a power source to a vehicle's battery pack without the need for physical cables or plugs.

This is typically achieved through electromagnetic induction or conductive coupling between infrastructure embedded in the road surface and receiving coils integrated into the vehicle. As an EV travels along a road equipped with dynamic charging infrastructure, it automatically receives electrical power, replenishing its battery and extending its driving range. The concept of dynamic charging holds significant potential to revolutionize the way we think about EVs and charging infrastructure. By enabling continuous charging while in motion, it can mitigate concerns related to range anxiety and reduce the need for large, expensive battery packs, thereby potentially lowering vehicle costs and improving energy efficiency.

1. Battery Eliminator Circuit BEC serves the purpose of converting the 12V power supply to a stable 5V output. It employs a low dropout voltage regulator with a high current rating, offering superior performance compared to standard voltage regulators. This ensures efficient voltage conversion while supporting high current loads.
2. Relay module: The relay module functions as a controlled switch, positioned between the sensors and the transmitter coil. When the sensors detect any input, the relay module activates, causing the transmitter coil to power on and initiate transmission.
3. Arduino UNO & main relay: The Arduino Uno microcontroller unit is utilized to authenticate the user. Upon successful verification, the main relay is activated to initiate the operation of the entire system.
4. RFID tag reader: It is a passive RFID tag reader.
5. Infrared sensors: Used to detect the presence of the vehicle and send a signal to the corresponding relay.
6. Transmitter coil: High-frequency transmitter coils are used to transmit power wirelessly, a receiver coil is placed on the bottom of the vehicle to receive the power.
7. Prototype car: Four-wheel toy car with speed control shown in Fig 5

Conclusion

The observed results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the dynamic charging prototype with RFID integration. The successful wireless power transfer, coupled with precise control mechanisms facilitated by the IR sensor and relay module, underscores the potential of dynamic charging technology to revolutionize EV charging infrastructure. Furthermore, the incorporation of RFID authentication enhances the security and reliability of the system, paving the way for broader implementation in real-world settings. Overall, the prototype represents a significant advancement in dynamic charging technology, offering efficient and secure charging solutions for electric vehicles.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2024 Shiva Nandu Malkam, Vaishnavi Sanugommula, Pravallika Punumalli, Dr. T. Murali Krishna. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.