Effects of COVID19 on the Sustainable Development of Agriculture

Abstract

Farming is that the muse of any economy. It\\\' the essential space that creates work thus the complete hover of financial course goes on. At the aim once we tend to mention the Indian economy, most of the world is confined to this area. In bound countries, COVID19 has nonexistent whereas in some it\\\' returning. merely a restricted capability to focus the pandemic can leave a never-ending impact on the farming area. this COVID19 international pandemic has amplified the pressure on the agriculture sector, inciting the requirement for property agriculture quite ever. Thus, throughout this review, a sustainable perspective of the utilization of remotely piloted craft (RPA) or drone technology among the agriculture sector. good farming, exactitude agriculture or smart-agriculture may even be a recent agricultural technique that has been wide practiced in developed countries to satisfy the challenges of fast demand for food. the most applications of drone in agriculture are irrigation, crop monitoring, soil and field analysis and bird control.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Agriculture sector is that the foremost promising sector and difficult sector as a result of it' depends on climate or weather, condition of the soil, irrigation water quality and amount and their application rate. The COVID-19 pandemic has noncontinuous some activities in agriculture and its offer chains in India. Agriculture has competed a crucial role among the event of human civilization. because of the exaggerated demand of food, further efforts and special techniques are being developed to multiply food production. Farming stays a focal mainstay of the Indian economy. the planet serves the food utilization desires of the complete nation, whereas to boot golf shot among the simplest exporters of farming  manufacture on the world. the planet has been endeavoring a great deal of difficulties as lately, but few are as extreme as a result of the native and worldwide travel limitations throughout COVID-19. good farming involves a range of communication and information technologies to spice up the standard and number of agricultural goods crops. One application of technology in smart farming is plant cultivation automation system. The automation system for irrigation system can cause the potency of energy, time, and quantity of water used

The vulnerabilities in agricultural offer chains and depleted workforces caused by the COVID-19 crisis have hurt farms of all sizes in India, particularly high-value farm enterprises. Most affected are husbandry, floriculture, fruit production, fisheries, associate degreed poultry farms. Food availableness in rural components of India throughout the imprisonment became a haul for administrators, researchers, and civil society as poor people’s resilience reached a verge of collapse among the face of prolonged state [2]. fashionable agriculture needs an even bigger production of food to fulfil the necessities of the good international population. to comprehend this goal, new technologies and solutions are being applied in agriculture to produce a best different for grouping and process data to spice up productivity. Additionally, the ugly global temperature change and water inadequacy demand new and improved strategies for modern agricultural exploitations. The requirement for automation then appears, and intelligent deciding is changing into a lot of necessary to comprehend this goal. The low availableness of migrant labor is interrupting harvest home activities, significantly among the northwest wherever wheat and pulses are major crops. Agricultural goods costs have declined thanks to the closure of hotels, restaurants, sweetshops, and teashops. Meanwhile, poultry farmers are badly hit due to misinformation, particularly on social media, that chickens are carriers of COVID-19. The nationwide imprisonment has additionally affected agricultural activities and supply chains through input distribution, harvesting, procurement, transportation, selling and process of farm produce. Shortages of fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, veterinary medicines and alternative inputs may additionally have an effect on agricultural production. The govt of India declared that the bulk agricultural activities are on the essential activities list and so agricultural field workers, farming operations, agencies engaged in procure of agriculture merchandise below state governments or the agriculture manufacture market committee, inter- and intra-state movement of harvesting- and sowing related machinery and manufacturing, and units packaging fertilizers, pesticides and seeds are excluded from imprisonment restrictions. the use of advanced technologies like drone in agriculture provide potential for facing many major or minor challenges. the most applications of drone in agriculture are irrigation, crop monitoring, soil and field analysis and bird control.

II. IMPACT ON FOOD OFFER THROUGHOUT COVID-19

Disruption of food supply might even be a significant challenge ensuing from COVID-19. Labor for harvesting, process, transport, and distribution has been vulnerable by restriction on movement and management of risks of the unfold of the virus. The closing of national borders has restricted the provision of migrant employees. Food processing facilities are closed thanks to infection of workers with the virus. Longer-term impacts of the pandemic are potential if agricultural and food supply chains are managed a lot of guardedly to retain high stock levels as a buffer against future pandemics. International transport (international transport forum, 2020) has been severely discontinuous by covid19 and conjointly the movement of some high-value food shipped by air has been harder. The long policy implications of the pandemic for international food trade stay unclear. The pandemic has targeted attention on the vital importance of continuing food production and distribution, and some of the approaches developed to substantiate food offer can be maintained among the long run [3].

III. IMPACT ON AGRICULTURAL ANALYSIS THROUGHOUT COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been turbulent for agricultural and food research. several research labs have closed and lots of international research conferences are cancelled.

Agriculture provides incomes to quite one billion individuals across the globe and is that the backbone of the various developing nations. The preventive measures taken to manage the pandemic hinder the assembly and distribution of agricultural products. Agricultural production may be a long method from planting, nurturing, harvest to artifact shipment, that involves labor at various stages [4]

COVID-19 has compacted the agricultural workforce, particularly the pool of seasonal agricultural employees. These are typically migrant workers, typically used within the crop harvesting, who use extremely deft and physical skills. Lockdowns and restrictions within the quality of workers across borders contributed to labor shortages, in the main in countries that deem seasonal workers. Agriculture is an input-intensive industry.

The dependence on every issue of production can disagree considerably in agricultural systems and so can expose agriculturalists and planters to surges in input costs. However, the ability of an agricultural system to require advantage of workers which can travel between workplaces constitutes a elementary condition for its sustainability. Unfortunately, emergency travel bans significantly faded the accessible workforce.

These consequences have significantly affected vegetable and fruit producers additionally as garden nurseries and horticulture. However, for several crops, the harvest season is mounted and a deficiency of labor may result in production shortages within the grocery store and better prices, creating markets even a lot of unforeseeable. attributable to disruptions in supplying and transport services, COVID-19 lockdowns also compact the availability of key intermediate product for farmers, like pesticides, fertilizers and seeds. extra supply chain agricultural supply chains, particularly of perishable products.

IV. FIVE WAYS IN WHICH TECHNICAL SCHOOL WILL MODIFICATION THE LONGER TERM OF FARMING IN REPUBLIC OF INDIA

A. Soil Testing

Soil testing helps judge nutrient levels inside the soil and confirm fertility. Once this information is out there, it's straightforward to spot what nutrients (fertilizers) are required to refill the soil. This helps dictate each the kind of crops and overall yield. Technology that makes soil testing onsite, faster, easier and provides correct analysis which can be simply disseminated to the farmers would go an extended means in serving to farmers increase yield by creating well-read selections inside the choice of crop patterns, crop diversification and inputs like seeds and fertilizers [5].

B. Agri Inputs

access Agri inputs broadly speaking embody seeds, fertilizers, insecticides, and so forth {and will and will} be extended to capital kind inputs like tractors and farm instrumentation materials that are typically a far larger investment. From a technical school perspective, ecommerce and mobile solutions with their reach and distribution can play a vital role. With improvement in farmer incomes and easier credit access, this model might be the way forward with access to Agri inputs. As this space matures, with the arrival and unfold of IOT/sensors, cloud-based solutions, Agri inputs’ wants identification to order to fulfilment method might be absolutely machine-controlled victimization ai (ai) type of solutions inside the background, a plan quick learning pace in developed Agri economies [5]

C. Micro financing

the maximum amount as eighty % of farmers in Republic of India are little marginal landholders that use ancient ways of production. Most of these farmers lack economies of scale as a result of small-scale production, resulting in a high per capita value and typically low production levels. Finance is typically inadequate or in different cases simply not accessible. Here is wherever microfinancing options a vital role to play it helps poor farmer households meet basic needs, protects against risks and most significantly aids improvement in income. additional so, since the traditional suggests that of loans from the bank takes anyplace from 3-12 months, involves several work and extra fees and charges.

D. Crop Insurance

The Indian Agri area is very liable to disasters and risks on the far side our control. Considering that the bulk of the farmers' sustenance depends on the standard and amount of the yield they produce, crop insurance becomes vital as a result of it helps scale back the negative impact on the lives of the farmers.

On these lines, the govt. Had launched prime minister’s fasil bima yojana (PMFBY) in 2016, associate degree insurance service for the farmers across India. whether or not it's a government sponsored set up or otherwise, farmers will relish the speedily spreading net property to explore and avail this insurance with info at their fingertips.

E. Market Linkage and Access

Whereas there are many technology edges on the preharvest side, on the post-harvest side, technology can give the foremost immediate profit to farmers and Agri typically via farm linkage and market access to farmers. Market linkage and access solutions are being provided by every type of firms operating inside the Agri sector — inputs advisory, micro-financing companies and most generally by provide chain companies that obtain directly from farmers and sell turn out within the cities, giving farmers a far higher worth at their sill [5].

V. INTRODUCTION OF AI IN AGRICULTURE (FUTURE SCOPE)

AI is that the branch of technology that deals with the planning, construction, operation, structural depositions, manufacture and application of robots. AI brings along many terribly totally different engineering areas and skills. AI is claimed to the science of physics, engineering, mechanics, mechatronics, and software. there's metalwork for the body that we've mechanics for mounting the wheels on the axles, connecting them to the motors and keeping the body in balance. you wish electronics to power the motors and connect the sensors to the controllers. At last, you'd just like the package to grasp the sensors and drive the golem around. these days AI is that the apace growing field and it' continue in research, design, and build new robots that serve numerous sensible purposes. because it has taken drive in various fields is there any risk that robot is usually introduced at intervals the farming. exactness agriculture and automation are reaching to be the norm, even among smallholders, across the sowing to harvest worth chain

A. Farm Robotics – Unmanned aerial and Terrestrial Robots

Autonomous and semi-autonomous farm robots can substitute labor intensive human tasks and donkeywork in major industrial crop and animal value-chains. India is in terribly aborning stages of farm automation at the flip of the last decade – unmanned vehicles have entered operations, however largely for remote sensing (capturing data) by institutional users (e.g., revenue department, insurance companies). whereas this might still be a significant use case, fleet operators and large farmers will begin to demand autonomous robots for activities like weeding, spraying, and harvest that involve heaps of labor and have high human error rates. to start with, variable rate technology (VRT) will be another to existing instrumentation like tractors (for land preparation), bit by bit creating their manner into new purposeful machines. This phased entry can modify continuing prototyping of robots to extend their functionality, payload, and simple handling. The goal has gotten to be to enable the employment of a wider vary of finish effectors (“hands” of a robot) and manipulators(“muscles”) which might dig, spray, pull, prune, and pluck. Another is to form positive there's enough diversity of robots on the market to deal with the variation in India’s agroclimatic zones, topography, and kinds of crops grown. one among the most promising uses is exactness spraying of agrochemicals through the employment of variable rate technology on robots. will be} a use case that addresses India’s twin drawback of rising input prices and unsafe residues of chemicals because of improper application. Value-chains with high adoption are seemingly to include those with giant contiguous holdings, like cotton, sugarcane, and grapes, additionally as large protected farms

Advantage

 • Helps offset large increase in labor values expected this decade.

• Can lower input cost through additional precise use, and lower resource footprint of farms.

• Will improve yields wherever labor shortages and inexact input use were barriers.

 • Has the potential to make new employment opportunities for tech-savvy young labor.

 • International investments in deep-tech farm automation on an upswing

B. Computing in Agriculture

Computing tools can enable agriculture to be viewed and operated as a controlled system for the primary time in its history. By 2030, public and personal agencies are expected to possess jumbo amounts of non-public and applied mathematics information regarding farmers and therefore the agricultural system, when nearly 20 years of knowledge assortment from digital services and remote sensors. The key trends in ai, specifically large-scale machine learning, deep learning, pc vision learning can facilitate build models (including neural models for machines) of never-seen-before accuracy and reliability. The convergence of market, climate and weather, soil health, and hydrological models from native to regional up to national level will modify a strategic and coordinated approach to food production, instead of one based mostly on path dependency and instinct today. The continuing improvement in computing power will cause improvement of each stage of agriculture from production to consumption transferal down costs, rising access, and increasing quality of outcomes at constant time. In addition, data-driven experiments will supercharge the pace of innovation i.e., modify additional experiments and fast prototyping with data-driven precision. the character of farm work too will change for the farmer. By 2030, ai will move on the far side this artificial slender intelligence in agriculture, that seeks to copy human intelligence at intervals narrow domains outlined by programmers. Agriculture will begin to examine the applying of general intelligence and to a smaller extent super intelligence, wherever computers will self-guide and match human intelligence. this can allow for true and deep automation of farm activities, taking farm robots from straightforward command driven machines to sensible self-directing and self-correcting staff on the farm.

VI. BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS

Potency and productivity can increase among the approaching years as “precision agriculture” becomes larger and farms become plenty of connected. It’s derived that by 2020, over seventy 5 million agricultural IOT devices unit of measurement aiming to be in use: the everyday farm will generate four.1 million info points daily in 2050, up from 100 ninety,000 in 2014. however, whereas the growing type of connected devices represents an enormous likelihood for food producers, it collectively adds quality. the solution lies in making use of psychological feature technologies that facilitate perceive, learn, reason, interact, and increase potency. Some technologies unit of measurement a lot of on than others. However, the innovations hold nice promise.

1. Web of Things (IOT): digital transformation is disrupting the agricultural world. IOT technologies change correlations of structured and unstructured info to supply insights into food production. IOT platforms like IBM’s Watson area unit applying machine learning to detector or drone information, remodeling management systems into real ai systems.
2. Automation of Skills and Workforce: by the 2050, the world organization projects8 that fraction of the world’s population will sleep in urban areas, reducing the agricultural manpower. New technologies are needed to ease the work on farmers: operations are done remotely, processes are machine-controlled, risks are known, and issues resolved. at intervals the future, a farmer’s skills will a lot of and more be a mix of technology and biology skills instead of pure agricultural.
3. Information-driven farming: by analyzing and correlating data regarding weather, types of seeds, soil quality, probability of diseases, historical information, marketplace trends, and prices, farmers can produce plenty of acquainted selections.
4. Chatbots: presently, ai-powered chatbots (virtual assistants) unit of measurement utilized in retail, travel, media, and insurance sectors. However, agriculture would possibly collectively leverage this technology by aiding farmers with answers and suggestions on specific issues.[6]

VII. DRONE TECHNOLOGY TO PLANT MANY PLANTS IN MINUTE.

A UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) might even be a flying device that is in a position to fly a pre-set course with the assistance of associate degree autopilot and world Positioning System coordinates. The device put together has ancient radio controls; it'll be piloted manually simply just in case of a fault or dangerous state of affairs. usually, the term uav is used to speak to the complete system, along with ground stations and video systems, however the term is most usually used for model planes and helicopters with every mounted associate degreed rotary wings.

This autonomous quadcopter is equipped a world Positioning System navigation mechanism controlled by an operator. Once the coordinates unit of measurement received, an operation area is outlined. The package is developed to receive the world Positioning System coordinates for the chosen space (target field), plot out a flight mechanical phenomenon, and traverse/navigate the full space. associate degree Arduino, that's placed on the quadcopter, runs this package, providing measurement communication to a ground station and management at intervals the seed dispenser. Additionally, this craft possesses a radio-controlled mechanism that allows the operator to need over management as a fail-safe [7].

The quadcopter was built using a frame for a multi rotor, plenty of specifically a quadcopter, where all the structure of the uav is mounted. This quadcopter is battery powered by electric battery connected to associate degree influence module answerable for distributing the ability to the four output channels. The output connections provide five volts every, that they're connected to four escae, all connected to the four motors. The drone has an autopilot device as a result of the central unit that receives the commands from a radio system and uses a world Positioning System for navigation. using a ppm (pulse-position modulation) encoder, signals from the receiver unit of measurement received at intervals the central unit for desired operations. Then the commands sent from the radio-control system area unit managed by dsm x protocol. all-time low station uses a measurement radio system over the small air vehicle link protocol to urge the data from the autopilot electrical device.

Advantages:

pilotless aerial vehicle offers less nerve-wracking atmosphere, it' used for higher deciding, it presents safer atmosphere, that they'll fly longer hours as long as a result of the vehicle permits for it (no human fatigue at intervals the plane). There' no would love for the qualified pilot to fly it, at intervals the highest of the day, pilotless air vehicle will keep at intervals the air for up to thirty hours, doing the repetitive tasks, acting the precise, repetitive formation scan of the region, each day, night-after-night within the entire darkness or within the fog and beneath laptop computer management. pilotless air vehicle performs the earth science survey, it performs the visual or thermal imaging of the region, it'll live the phone, radio or tv coverage over any piece of land, the drone pilots or operators can merely hand off controls of the drone with none operational period. The drones will have plenty of pinpoint accuracy from larger distances.

VIII. AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF DRONE

Remotely piloted aircraft also are serving to save lots of water in agriculture. Drones with hyper-spectral, multispectral, or thermal sensors can identify which parts of a field are dry or need improvements. For substantial growers having various outstretched fields, management of multiple irrigation pivots could also be a quite challenge. Additionally, once the crop is growing, drones allow the calculation of the vegetation index, which describes the density and health of the crop, and show the warmth signature, the quantity of energy or heat the crop emits [8].

 B. Soil and Field Analysis

A sort of sensors is often mounted on Remotely piloted aircraft which will help within the acquisition of soil related data i.e., fertility levels of the soil, terrain conditions, nutrients content and moisture content. Drones are often instrumental at the beginning of the crop cycle.

They produce precise 3-d maps for early soil analysis, useful in planning seed planting patterns. After planting, drone-driven soil analysis provides data for irrigation and nitrogen-level management. This data further helps in management decision, planning, fertilizer application, irrigation scheduling etc. [9].

Soil moisture at the spatial surface are often an important indicator of crop conditions in cultivation lands, but its continuous estimation remains a challenge thanks to the approximate spatial and temporal resolution of existing remote sensing products. However, environmental conditions, calibration, and terrain settings can affect the measurements from sensors.

Similarly, a completely unique methodology, which may pave the thanks to minimize the erosion problem in agricultural fields, was proposed for the classification of the field’s ploughing depths using an rgb-d sensor capable of easy integration into commercially available raps. The opposite useful feature of remotely piloted aircraft is that the issues of plough pan formation and subsoil compaction are often effectively avoided if raps are used for spraying and sowing purposes [9]. Thus, conserving the soil for better yield.

C. Weeds Management

It may be a common problem that farmers don't have a thought of how critical the weed issue was until they harvest their crop. By the mercy of drones, this problem can efficiently be resolved by identifying the high-intensity weed growth regions and distinguishing them from healthy crops. Raps have also been proposed effective for timely removal of weeds to avoid resource depletion for the actual crop [9]. The use of drones for weed mapping encounters two major challenges: (a) distinction between vegetation and bare soil, (b) distinction between weeds and crops. To beat these, three kinds of spectral values (i.e., weeds, crop and bare soil) are extracted from pre-defined sampling areas. Similarly, herbicides resistant weeds also can be identified using data obtained by the mercy of agricultural raps. This will effectively pave the thanks to precision agriculture. Furthermore, remotely piloted aircraft can also be used to direct field robots to urge obviate weeds.

D. Crop Harvest

Remotely piloted aircraft can effectively predict and indicate the optimum harvesting time of a crop or fruit by analyzing the data taken by crop monitoring [9]. Few scientists have also proposed their application for fruit picking and aerial transport hat need further research during this field. A practical example of this application is that the prediction of maize yield using minimca12 camera. More and more studies are being undertaken during this domain, as yield prediction is an important factor for both the farmer and therefore the insurance companies.

E. Crops and Trees Plantation

Global warming could also be a pressing issue now a days. Startups have created drone planting systems that achieve an uptake rate of 75 percent and reduce planting costs by 85 percent. These systems shoot pods with seeds and plant nutrients into the soil, providing the plant all the nutrients necessary to sustain life. A method to combat this problem is by planting new trees. Remotely piloted aircraft are the only option here as they're labor cost effective and save humans from the drudgery. Not just for trees or forests, they will be implied for sowing crops thereby saving fuels and helping to scale back greenhouse gases emissions, as tractors won't be used. Biodegradable seedpods or seed bombs also can be delivered using rpas for reforestation and for afforestation activities likewise.

F. Crop Spraying

Drones will scan the lowest and spray the correct quantity of liquid, modulating distance from the bottom and spraying in real time for even coverage. The result: augmented potency with a discount of among the number of chemicals penetrating into groundwater. In fact, specialists estimate that aerial spraying are usually completed up to five times quicker with drones than with ancient machinery [9].

G. Crop Monitoring

Vast fields and low potency in crop observation along produce farming’s largest obstacle. In economical crop monitoring is also an enormous obstacle. With drones, time-series animations will show the event of a crop and reveal production inefficiencies, facultative higher management. observation challenges are exacerbated by progressively unpredictable weather, that drive risk and field maintenance prices [9].

H. Health Assessment

It’s essential to assess crop health and spot microorganism or plant life infections on trees. By scanning a crop victimization each visible and near-infrared lightweight, drone-carried devices can determine which plants mirror completely different amounts of inexperienced light and Nir light. This info will manufacture multispectral pictures that track changes in plants and indicate their health. A speedy response can save an entire orchard. Additionally, as presently as a illness is discovered, farmers can apply and monitor remedies additional precisely. These 2 potentialities increase a plant’s ability to beat disease. And at intervals the case of failure, the farmer is becoming to be able to document losses more with efficiency for insurance claims

I. Applications in biological science

Initially, drones were utilized for managing and observation forest fires. Even a rpa, capable of flying up to twenty-four hours, was given by the America Forest service and national physical science and area administration (nasa). This shows the quick adoption of rpa technology throughout this field. Additionally, alternative areas of rpas application in biological science includes analysis applications, mapping cover gaps, quantifying spatial gaps, mapping forests and biodiversity, mensuration forest canopy height and attributes, preciseness forestry and property forest designing management, mapping diseases and estimating post-harvest soil displacement. One such example is that the high throughput phenotyping approach that was tacit to look at the phenology at intervals the seedlings of conifer.

IX. BENEFITS OF DRONE TECHNOLOGY

As innovators introduce new technologies, their industrial makes use of growth day through day. The executive has been easing regulations for drone utilization and is assisting startups to go back up with novel ideas. As drone surveys turn out to be greater common, additionally they subsided expensive. In agriculture, they want a plethora of benefits. Some are as follows:

1. Enhanced manufacturing - the farmer can enhance manufacturing abilities via complete irrigation planning, good enough tracking of crop health, accelerated expertise approximately soil health, and edition to environmental changes.
2. Effective and adaptive techniques - drone utilization results in ordinary updates to farmers approximately their vegetation and enables expand bolstered farming techniques. They will adapt to climate and allocate sources without any wastage.
3. Greater protection of farmers - it is more secure and greater handy for farmers to apply drones to spray insecticides in terrains hard to prevail in, inflamed regions, taller vegetation, and electricity lines. It additionally enables farmers save you spraying the vegetation, which ends up in much less pollutants and chemical substances inside the soil.
4. 10x quicker statistics for brief decision-making - drone surveys returned farmers with correct processing that encourages them to make brief and conscious selections without second-guessing, permitting farmers many to keep away from losing to keep plenty of plenty of the time invested in crop scouting. Various sensors of the drone allow shooting and studying statistics from the whole field. The information can focus on tricky regions like inflamed vegetation/bad vegetation, exceptional colored vegetation, moisture levels, etc. The drone are frequently constant with numerous sensors for different vegetation, permitting a greater correct and various crop control system.
5. Less wastage of sources - Agri-drones permits most useful utilization of all sources like fertilizer, water, seeds, and insecticides.
6. 99% Accuracy rate - the drone survey enables farmers calculate the suitable land size, section the several vegetation, and enjoys soil mapping.
7. Useful for coverage claims - farmers use the statistics captured via drones to say crop coverage simply in case of any damages. They even calculate risks/losses associated with the land whilst being insured [10].

Conclusion

COVID-19 may be a international issue requiring coordinated regional and global responses. it\\\'s important that policies and initiatives target each the agriculture and agri-food sectors to support essential businesses and local, regional, national and international offer chains. Moreover. the target of this study to extend productivity and minimize time and human efforts. By applying the automation and good farming techniques we are able to modification the action per the crop, weather conditions, and soil, and so on the normal farming method primarily based au courant humans. From the beginning of the farming process to finish process wants the human-like ploughing, spray seeds, fertilizer, check the water level and handiness and harvesting. In good farming, sensors are applied for gathering the information from numerous filed like temperature sensor, wetness sensor, soil wet sensor, assume to talk IOT app, water motor, and sprinklers. within the field of irrigation automation and smart systems will irrigate the farming land, parks, gardens, and golf courses expeditiously and scale back the wastage of water.

References

[1] https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899x/288/1/012092 [2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc7338143/ [3] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/s1 674205220302240 [4] https://www.equinoxsdrones.com/blog/importance-ofdrone-technology-in-indianagriculturefarming#:~:text=agriculture%20drones%20can%20see %20which,defects%20can%20help%20save%20crops. [5] https://www.cnbctv18.com/agriculture/five-ways-techcan-change-the-future-of-farming-in-india-5761451.htm [6] https://www.oliverwyman.com/ourexpertise/insights/2018/feb/agriculture-4-0--the-futureof-farming-technology.html [7] https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/84888632.pdf [8] https://iprosurv.com/2020/01/02/drones-arerevolutionizing-agriculture/ [9] Rani, a.; chaudhary, a.; sinha, n.; mohanty, m.; chaudhary, r. Drone: the green technology for future agriculture. Har. Dhara 2019, 2, 3–6 [10] https://www.equinoxsdrones.com/blog/importance-ofdrone-technology-in-indian-agriculture-farming#:~:text=agriculture%20drones%20can%20see%20which,defects%20can%20help%20save%20crops

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Vatsal Soni. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.