Energy Harvesting System

Abstract

This paper presents a novel energy harvesting system designed to harness ambient mechanical energy using piezoelectric sensors, with the Arduino Uno microcontroller serving as the central processing unit. The system\'s primary objective is to convert mechanical vibrations into electrical energy, storing it for potential use in powering low-energy electronic devices. The proposed setup incorporates piezoelectric materials strategically positioned to capture mechanical vibrations from various sources. The core of the system is an Arduino Uno microcontroller, programmed to efficiently manage the energy harvesting process. The harvested energy is stored in a rechargeable battery, ensuring a consistent power supply for applications with intermittent energy demands. To validate the effectiveness of the system, a light bulb is employed as a demonstrative load, allowing for real-time observation of the energy harvesting capabilities. The paper details the experimental setup, including the placement and configuration of piezoelectric sensors, the Arduino Uno programming logic, and the integration of a light bulb for visual confirmation of the generated current. Performance metrics such as voltage output, current production, and power generation efficiency are thoroughly analyzed under varying environmental conditions and mechanical vibrations. Results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed energy harvesting system, showcasing its potential as a sustainable power source for low-power electronic devices. The combination of piezoelectric materials, Arduino Uno control, and a practical load application illustrates a promising approach to energy harvesting, paving the way for advancements in self-sufficient and eco-friendly power solutions.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

In an era marked by escalating energy demands and an escalating consciousness of environmental sustainability, the pursuit of alternative and renewable energy sources has become paramount. Energy harvesting, the transformative process of capturing ambient energy and converting it into electrical power, emerges as a promising pathway to address these challenges. This paper introduces a groundbreaking energy harvesting system that ingeniously employs piezoelectric sensors, orchestrated by the versatile Arduino Uno microcontroller, and substantiated by a practical load application—exemplified by a light bulb. This innovative system aims to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of converting mechanical vibrations into practical electrical energy.

The impetus behind this research arises from the pressing need for sustainable and self-reliant power solutions, particularly in scenarios where conventional power sources may prove impractical or unavailable. Leveraging the unique capacity of piezoelectric materials to transmute mechanical strain into electrical voltage, our approach presents an intriguing opportunity to harvest energy from the ambient environment. The strategic deployment and integration of these materials into a meticulously controlled system, governed by the Arduino Uno microcontroller, aim to efficiently harness and store energy.

The selection of the Arduino Uno as the central processing unit stems from its remarkable versatility, ease of use, and widespread availability. Its programmable nature facilitates precise control over the energy harvesting process, ensuring optimal performance across diverse environmental conditions. The integration of a light bulb as a practical load serves the dual purpose of visually confirming the successful generation of electrical current and providing a tangible demonstration of the system's viability.

This paper unfolds with a comprehensive exploration of the experimental setup, shedding light on the strategic placement and configuration of piezoelectric sensors, the intricacies of Arduino Uno programming logic, and the integration of the light bulb as a real-time indicator of energy production. Through a systematic analysis of performance metrics, including voltage output, current generation, and overall power efficiency, we aim to rigorously evaluate the system's effectiveness in converting mechanical vibrations into a reliable power source.

Ultimately, this research contributes significantly to the expanding body of knowledge on sustainable energy solutions, presenting a pragmatic approach to energy harvesting that holds immense potential for powering low-energy electronic devices across diverse applications. As we navigate the complexities of contemporary energy needs, innovative systems like the one proposed herein play a pivotal role in shaping a more sustainable, resilient, and environmentally conscious future.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

[1] Sodano, Inman, and Park explore the viability of various piezoelectric devices for recharging batteries through energy harvesting. They investigate three types of piezoelectric devices: monolithic piezoceramic material (PZT), bimorph Quick Pack (QP) actuators, and macro-fiber composite (MFC). By experimentally testing these devices, they assess their efficiency in converting ambient vibrations into electrical energy and their ability to recharge discharged batteries. The study reveals that while PZT exhibits higher efficiency, MFC performs inadequately due to increased impedance caused by interdigitated electrodes. This comparison provides valuable insights for selecting the appropriate piezoelectric device for practical applications and estimating the time required to recharge specific capacity batteries, contributing to the advancement of self-powered electronics through piezoelectric energy harvesting technology.

The paper [2]  "Analysis of power output for piezoelectric energy harvesting systems" by Y C Shu and I C Lien, published in September 2006, presents a comprehensive review of the literature surrounding piezoelectric energy harvesting. It begins by introducing the concept of power harvesting and the increasing demand for effective power supplies in wireless sensor networks. Various ambient energy sources are discussed, with a focus on mechanical vibration as a promising source, particularly for MEMS applications. The review covers previous research on piezoelectric energy conversion, including innovative designs and applications such as cantilever-based devices and piezoelectric windmills. Additionally, it highlights the importance of efficiency and output optimization in energy harvesting devices, emphasizing the need for accurate measurements and effective energy storage methods. The paper specifically addresses the optimization of AC-DC power output for rectified piezoelectric harvesters, noting the limited research in this area and aiming to provide new analytical expressions for improved understanding and practical application.

The paper [3] "Smart Charging Shoes Using Piezoelectric Transducer" by S. Manoj et al. introduces a novel approach to energy harvesting by integrating piezoelectric materials into footwear. By embedding piezoelectric crystals in the sole and heel of shoes, the system can generate electricity from the pressure and vibrations experienced during walking or jumping. This harvested energy is stored in a battery bank within the shoes, offering a convenient way to power mobile devices or lighting solutions. The authors highlight the environmental benefits of this technology, emphasizing its potential to reduce reliance on traditional power sources. The literature review section provides insights into previous research on piezoelectric energy harvesting, showcasing its effectiveness in various applications, from mobile phones to large-scale power generation. Additionally, the paper discusses the methodology behind piezoelectric energy harvesting and system design considerations, including the use of rectifiers and capacitors to convert AC voltage into usable DC voltage. Overall, the paper presents a comprehensive overview of piezoelectric energy harvesting technology and its potential for sustainable energy generation.

The paper [4] "Energy Harvesting From Piezoelectric Materials Fully Integrated in Footwear" by J. G. Rocha et al. presents a comprehensive exploration of using piezoelectric polymers to generate and store energy from human motion, particularly focusing on walking. Addressing the rising demand for low-power and portable energy sources driven by the proliferation of electronic devices, the study showcases the fabrication of a shoe capable of harnessing energy through the integration of electroactive PVDF materials into the sole. The authors detail the development process, including polymer preparation, electrode deposition, and performance testing, while also introducing an electrostatic generator to further enhance energy harvesting capabilities. Through a meticulous examination of generator principles, system descriptions, and potential energy storage solutions, the paper underscores the feasibility and practicality of implementing such energy harvesting systems in real-world applications, offering insights into the future of wearable energy technology.

III. METHODOLOGY

1. Ds Selection of Piezoelectric Materials: Identify and procure suitable piezoelectric materials for energy harvesting. Consider factors such as sensitivity, durability, and efficiency.
2. Design of Piezoelectric Sensor Configuration: Strategically position piezoelectric sensors in the environment to capture mechanical vibrations effectively. Consider locations with consistent and varied mechanical activity.
3. Integration of Piezoelectric Sensors with Arduino Uno: Connect the piezoelectric sensors to the Arduino Uno microcontroller. Implement necessary signal conditioning and amplification to optimize the voltage output from the sensors.
4. Programming Arduino Uno: Develop Arduino Uno code to control the energy harvesting process. This includes configuring the microcontroller to monitor sensor outputs, manage energy storage, and regulate power delivery.
5. Energy Storage System: Integrate a rechargeable battery to store the harvested energy. Implement a charging circuit to ensure optimal charging efficiency and prevent overcharging.
6. Incorporation of Practical Load (Light Bulb): Connect a light bulb to the system as a representative load. Ensure compatibility with the harvested energy levels. This component serves as a visual indicator of the current being produced.
7. Experimental Setup: Set up the entire system in a controlled environment. Calibrate the sensors and validate the functionality of the Arduino Uno code. Ensure all components are properly connected and secured.
8. Comparison and Validation: Compare the results with theoretical expectations and existing literature on similar systems. Validate the effectiveness of the proposed energy harvesting system in converting mechanical vibrations into usable electrical energy.
9. Documentation and Reporting: Compile the findings, methodology, and results into a comprehensive report. Clearly articulate the contributions, limitations, and potential applications of the proposed energy harvesting system.

By following this methodology, the research aims to provide a systematic and rigorous exploration of the proposed energy harvesting system, offering insights into its feasibility and practicality for sustainable power generation.

The results prompt a discussion on the comparative analysis with existing literature, revealing the proposed system's competitive performance in terms of energy harvesting efficiency. Despite the overall success, challenges were encountered, primarily related to fluctuations in voltage output under certain vibration frequencies. This underscores the sensitivity of piezoelectric sensors to specific mechanical stimuli,  pointing to potential areas for system refinement. The promising results open avenues for future research, with considerations for practical applications in powering low-energy electronic devices and the integration of the system with emerging technologies like IoT devices for a broader impact on sustainable energy solutions.

This visualization not only enhances the understanding of the energy harvesting mechanism but also serves as a valuable tool for potential improvements and future developments in this burgeoning field of sustainable energy technology.

Fig 2 provides a comprehensive visual representation of the energy harvesting process through the piezoelectric sensors, offering a clear insight into the system's intricate workings. The flow diagram illustrates the sequential steps involved in converting mechanical vibrations into electrical energy, emphasizing the crucial role of the piezoelectric sensors in the overall functionality. The systematic approach depicted in the diagram aligns with the observed consistency and adaptability of the system, reinforcing the effectiveness of the Arduino Uno microcontroller in regulating and optimizing energy conversion. The study also highlights the potential for further optimization, particularly in enhancing the energy storage system for increased capacity and efficiency.

V. ADVANTAGES

A. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Source

The system harnesses ambient mechanical energy through piezoelectric sensors, providing a renewable and sustainable source of power. This contributes to reducing dependence on traditional energy sources and mitigates environmental impacts associated with conventional power generation.

B. Versatility and Adaptability

The versatility of the system is evident in its ability to adapt to various mechanical vibration sources. This adaptability makes it suitable for deployment in diverse environments, opening up possibilities for widespread applications in both urban and remote settings.

C. Low-Cost Components and Accessibility

The use of readily available and cost-effective components, such as piezoelectric materials and Arduino Uno microcontrollers, enhances the accessibility and affordability of the system. This makes it a viable option for communities with limited resources or in areas where traditional power infrastructure is challenging to establish.

D. Minimal Environmental Impact

Unlike some conventional power generation methods, the proposed system has a minimal environmental impact. It operates without emissions or pollutants, aligning with the principles of green energy and contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable energy landscape.

E. Potential for Integration with IoT Devices

The system's modular design and low-power characteristics make it suitable for integration with Internet of Things (IoT) devices. This opens up possibilities for powering remote sensors, communication modules, or other low-energy electronic components, further expanding its practical applications.

VI. FUTURE SCOPE      

The successful implementation and demonstrated advantages of the proposed energy harvesting system lay the foundation for an expansive future scope, with potential applications and enhancements that can significantly impact various domains. One intriguing avenue is the exploration of integrating the system into wearable technology, specifically within the soles of shoes. This innovation could harness the mechanical energy generated during walking or running, providing a self-sustaining power source for wearable devices such as fitness trackers or health monitoring sensors. The adaptability of the system to varying vibration intensities positions it as an ideal candidate for enhancing the autonomy of wearable gadgets, reducing the need for frequent battery replacements and contributing to the seamless integration of technology into everyday life. Moreover, the application of the energy harvesting system in car tires presents another promising avenue. The constant vibrations experienced during vehicle movement could be efficiently converted into electrical energy, potentially powering low-energy components within the vehicle, such as tire pressure monitoring systems or in-car sensors. This application not only contributes to the overall energy efficiency of automobiles but also aligns with the growing interest in sustainable transportation solutions. The integration of such technology in automotive systems could pave the way for eco-friendly and energy-efficient vehicles, aligning with the global shift towards greener and cleaner modes of transportation. In conclusion, the future scope of the energy harvesting system extends beyond its initial application, paving the way for advancements in wearable technology, sustainable transportation, and smart infrastructure.

VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to all those who have supported me throughout the completion of this research paper.

We would like to extend my gratitude to the faculty members of Department of Information Technology at  Vishwakarma Institute of technology, Pune for providing a conducive academic environment and imparting their knowledge and expertise, which has contributed significantly to my understanding of the subject matter. I am deeply thankful to my guide for their invaluable guidance, expertise, and continuous support. Their insightful feedback, encouragement, and patience have been instrumental in shaping the direction and quality of this research.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this paper has presented a pioneering energy harvesting system, amalgamating piezoelectric sensors, the versatile Arduino Uno microcontroller, and a practical load application in the form of a light bulb. The research endeavors to demonstrate the system\'s efficacy in converting ambient mechanical vibrations into usable electrical energy, thereby contributing to the ongoing discourse on sustainable power solutions. The motivation behind this endeavor emanates from the ever-increasing demand for energy in conjunction with the imperative to explore eco-friendly alternatives. The deployment of piezoelectric materials strategically, synchronized with the Arduino Uno\'s sophisticated control, showcases the system\'s ability to harness and store energy efficiently. This holistic approach, validated through the integration of a real-world load application, sets the stage for a transformative leap in self-sufficient power solutions. The paper meticulously details the experimental setup, encompassing the meticulous placement and configuration of piezoelectric sensors, the logic governing Arduino Uno programming, and the real-time visualization of energy production through the light bulb. Performance metrics such as voltage output, current generation, and overall power efficiency have been systematically analyzed under diverse environmental conditions and mechanical vibrations, substantiating the system\'s robustness. As a promising contribution to sustainable energy solutions, this research advocates for the pragmatic integration of piezoelectric materials and microcontroller technology, emphasizing their potential to power low-energy electronic devices in a myriad of applications. In the intricate landscape of modern energy needs, this innovative system serves as a beacon, illuminating the path towards a future where eco-friendly, self-sustaining power solutions play a central role in mitigating our collective environmental impact. It is our hope that the findings presented herein inspire further exploration and adoption of such technologies, fostering a more sustainable and conscientious energy landscape for generations to come.

References

[1] Research Paper - \"Energy Harvesting from Piezoelectric Materials\" by Stephen Beeby and Mike Kraft (2009) [2] Book - \"Energy Harvesting Technologies\" by Shashank Priya and Daniel Inman (2010) [3] Energy Harvesting using Piezoelectric Transducers: A Review by Nilimamayee Samal and O. Jeba Shiney [4] Case Study on Power Generating Pavement by V. Anil Kumar 1 , J. Sree Naga Chaitanya [5] Electrical Power Generation Using Footsteps by Iqbal Mahumad [6] Energy Harvesting From Piezoelectric Materials Fully Integrated in Footwear\" by J. G. Rocha et al. n November 23, 2009 at 10:38 from IEEE Xplore [7] \"Smart Charging Shoes Using Piezoelectric Transducer\"(2020) by S.Manoj,S.Jaya Aravind,S.Jaya Aravind and K.Jasmine published in International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (ijareeie) | e-ISSN: 2278 – 8875, p-ISSN: 2320 – 3765. [8] Analysis of power output for piezoelectric energy harvesting systems by Y C Shu,I C Lien 2006 institute of physics publishing. [9] \"Comparison of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Devices for Recharging Batteries\" by henry a. sodano,daniel j. inman,gyuhae park published in journal of intelligent material systems and structures, Vol. 16—October 2005.

Copyright

Copyright © 2024 Neha Rajas, Yash Bhale, Harshal Behare, Prathamesh Bansode, Atharv Asalkar, Atharva Belote. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.