Abstract

Webapps have now become an important part of our industry. Be it small or big business house, they all depend upon webapps to attract more audience The field of web development has very rich history and it is ever evolving. The internet’s ever- changing nature and users’ and developers’ evolving needs have led to a dramatic shift in the ever-changing and dynamic world of web development in the last few decades. This review paper presents an in-depth analysis of the evolutionary journey of web development frameworks, from the early days of static web pages to the complex, feature- rich web applications of today. An eye–catching and a proper design can only attract the users which can only be done using a good design framework. Libraries and classes that offer a broad range of features called frameworks — frameworks layout a foundation of great architecture which is further used to build an application. Frameworks are the building blocks of a web application. They are the foundation upon which web applications are constructed. There are many frameworks for web development that support various programming languages. In this review paper, we will discuss some of the most important frameworks for web development. We will discuss the front- end framework, the back-end framework, and the database environment. Based on the information provided in this review, you can predict which framework will be most effective for increasing user engagement.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

As the usage of Internet is on a boom in India and rest of the world, the public demand for online applications is increasing. According to a poll, there were 692.0 million internet users in India at the start of 2023, or 48.7% of the country's population, online. As of January 2023, 32.8 percent of India's population, or 467.0 million people, were active on social media. Approximately 77.0 percent of India's population, or 1.10 billion active mobile phone connections, existed in the beginning of 2023.

There were 5.3 billion internet users globally as of October 2023, or 65.7% of the world's population. Looking at this data, every company and business house be it small or big have got the idea that the world is now quickly shifting towards the online system. All companies want a large number of user engagements for which they want an excellent web application and to attract a large number of users on their web application they want a good eye-catching website which has an excellent design and an excellent design is made through a framework. A good website is that which is highly user friendly and user gets attracted towards websites which are effective, error free and visually aesthetic Selecting wrong framework have numerous disadvantages which a developer can’t afford at the working stage, so they have to be careful while selecting the framework. Better Web framework choices result in lower development costs, more efficient use of time and resources, better code, and the ability to construct interactive, user-friendly apps. This paper covers the many frameworks, languages, and solution stacks available for developing a microservices-based online application.

II. WEB v1.0 vs WEB v2.0 vs WEB v3.0

A. Web v1.0 (static web or read only web)

For the most part, this web covered the late 1990s and early 2000s.

1. This is the first stage of internet which is major dominated by static websites (read only web).
2. The purpose is information sharing in a simple and passi web as a hyperlinked information system
3. The content is owned and focuses on connecti information (one way publishing medium) as a hu library of data sourced on a screen from computer syste in the network for users to browse.
4. User and server communication is minimal to non-existent. As Majority of users constituted of tho who had to consume the content. Slow internet speed

B. Web v2.0 (Interactive web)

It's a better version of the web 1.0. Personalized content, user profiles, and suggestions were introduced by Web 2.0 (read-write web) to make the online more suited to individual interests.

1. It focuses on modifying the way in which web pages are designed and the importance of responsive web design for mobile devices began to grow.
2. Web 2.0 unleashed in the era of social media blogs and content sharing platform where user could create, share, and collaborate on content and can interact with the web in the form of like, comment, sharing photos and videos. Websites like Wikipedia demonstrated the power of collaborative content creation, enabling users to contribute and edit information.
3. Rich user experiences became possible through technologies like AJAX, allowing for real-time updates and dynamic web applications.
4. Dynamic content that is user-friendly and highly sensitive to input from the user.
5. Tech giants like Facebook (Meta), Twitter, Google, Apple, Microsoft, and Amazon control the use of our personal data in web 2.0, or the current version of the internet.

C. Web v3.0(The Semantic Web)

Web v3.0 is still a concept under development, and its full realization remains a vision for the future. It aims to make the web smarter, more semantic, and better at understanding context.

1. It is the third generation of the internet that uses blockchain, cryptocurrencies, and metaverses. It focuses on taking back the control of the internet and our data from the giant tech companies.
2. Web 3.0 aims to create a "Semantic Web" where data is linked, organized, and understood by machines, enabling better data integration and intelligent decision-making. Revolves around connecting knowledge
3. In web 2.0, our data is under the control of centralized organizations but in web 3 content will be collectively owned and shared. With web3, the data will reside on blockchain networks. Therefore, users will be the owners of their own data. The owners get to decide the ways in which they want to share it.
4. It also emphasizes giving users greater security and privacy.
5. Although Web v3.0 is still evolving, technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and advances in AI are paving the way for its development.
6. Enhanced natural language understanding, making it possible for machines to comprehend and generate human language.

III. FRONTEND FRAMEWORKS

A. ReactJS

React is a JavaScript based library which is developed by Jordan walke in 2011, who was a software engineer at Facebook. It enables the creation of reusable user interface elements by developers. It has the support of a robust development community. It has reusable components.

It has a market share of over 40 %. According to the State of JavaScript 2022 survey, 69% of developers have used React.js, and 54% said they would use it again. In the same survey, React.js was rated the most satisfactory JavaScript library among developers. Since ReactJs is an open source frontend javascript library thus the React.js GitHub repository has over 190,000 stars and over 1,500 contributors. React is used to create websites that are responsive. While it’s not a framework, React does have a dedicated framework.

B. Angular

It is based on typescript and was developed by Misko Hevery and Adam Abrons who were google engineers. It was released in 2010. The introduction of AngularJS was a revolution in the web development field as it provided an easy method for creating dynamic single-page applications (It is made up of a single HTML document that loads automatically in the browser whenever a user interacts with the page). Angular 2.0, commonly referred to as Angular, was released in 2016 and is a comprehensive overhaul of AngularJS (Angular 1.0), which was first presented in 2010. "AngularJS" refers to the 1.X versions and "Angular" without the "JS" refers to versions 2 and up. Angular has market share of 63.06% in front-end-framework market. According to the Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2023, Angular was used by 18.7% of developers, which is a decrease from 22.9% in 2022 and 30.7% in 2021. Angular ranked as the fourth most popular web framework, behind React (40.5%), Vue (23.4%), and jQuery (19.8%). The survey also showed that Angular had a lower satisfaction rate (58.6%) than React (74.5%) and Vue (66.9%). Developers those who had used it and would again were recorded as making up 20.8%. The number of developers not interested in Angular showed an increase, with 32.4% not interested in 2019 as compared to 40.5% in 2022.

D. Ember.JS

It is an opensource JavaScript framework developed by Yehuda Katz. The developer’s team was called “Ember core team “. It has a market share of less than 0.1%.

E. Backbonen.JS:

It is developed by Jeremy Ashkenas in 2010. Backbone is used by 1.1% of all the websites whose JavaScript library is known. This is 0.9% of all websites.

F. Meteor:

A full-stack platform that makes web development easier. 2012 saw its release. The usage of meteor is less than 0.1%.

G. Svelte:

A relatively new JavaScript framework that compiles components into highly efficient vanilla JavaScript at build time. It was developed by Rich Harris. Svelte is used by less than 0.1%.

CSS Frameworks

H. Bootstrap

A popular CSS framework developed by Twitter that provides a set of predesigned, responsive components and styles. Foundation: Another responsive CSS framework that includes a wide range of customizable design elements. Bootstrap, originally named Twitter Blueprint, was developed by Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton at Twitter as a framework to encourage consistency across internal tools.

I. Bulma

Jeremy Thomas created the open-source CSS framework Bulma. A lightweight and modern CSS framework based on Flexbox, designed for quick and easy website development. In the Frontend Framework market, Bulma has a 1.93% market share. Bulma is ranked sixth in the Frontend Framework category of 6sense's Market Share Ranking Index.

J. Material UI:

A popular CSS framework that implements Google's Material Design guidelines, particularly for use with React. Material-UI has market share of 1.82% in front-end- framework market.

IV. BACKEND FRAMEWORKS

The evolution of backend frameworks has been a dynamic journey closely intertwined with the ever-changing landscape of web development. In the early days, web development lacked structured frameworks, requiring developers to craft custom server-side solutions using languages like Perl and early PHP. The emergence of server-side scripting in the late 1990s brought some order to the chaos, with PHP and ASP leading the way. However, it was in 2005 that Ruby on Rails (RoR) and Django ushered in a new era, introducing the MVC pattern and promoting convention over configuration, setting the stage for more organized backend frameworks. Subsequently, the rise of JavaScript on the server-side with Node.js opened up new possibilities, with frameworks like Express.js leading the way. As web applications became more complex, microservices architecture, performance, and concurrency became paramount, leading to the development of specialized backend frameworks like Spring Boot, FastAPI, and Actix. Today, a diverse ecosystem of backend frameworks caters to different languages, paradigms, and use cases, with an ongoing focus on improving developer productivity and meeting the evolving demands of modern web development.

A. Ruby on Rails (2005)

Ruby, a dynamic and object-oriented programming language, has undergone a fascinating evolution since its inception in the mid- 1990s. Initially created by Yukihiro Matsumoto, it aimed to combine the best features of Perl and Python. Over the years, Ruby has seen significant advancements and adaptations. The release of Ruby 1.8 in 2003 brought substantial performance improvements, making it more competitive in the web development world. Ruby on Rails, introduced in 2005, revolutionized web application development with its elegant and productive framework. Subsequent releases, including Ruby 1.9 and the more recent Ruby 2.0 and 2.7, continued to enhance the language's capabilities, improving performance and introducing new features. Additionally, Ruby's community has grown, fostering the development of various gems and libraries that extend its functionality.

B. Django (2005)

Django, the high-level Python web framework, has undergone a remarkable evolution since its inception in 2005. Developed by Adrian Holovaty and Simon Willison, Django aimed to simplify web application development by providing a robust and pragmatic foundation. The early versions, such as Django 0.90, focused on essentials like the ORM, templating system, and administrative interface. With Django 1.0's release in 2008, the framework gained stability and broader adoption, cementing its position in the Python web development ecosystem. Subsequent versions, including Django 1.5, 1.8, and 2.0, brought significant improvements, such as better support for Python 3, enhanced security, and more powerful features like Django REST framework for building APIs. The Django community has also grown, leading to an extensive ecosystem of reusable apps, ensuring that developers can build sophisticated web applications efficiently. As it continues to evolve, Django remains a leading choice for web developers, prized for its clarity, versatility, and commitment to best practices.

C. SpringBoot (2013)

Since its inception in 2013, Spring Boot has undergone a remarkable evolution in the realm of Java application development. Initially introduced by Pivotal Software (now VMware), Spring Boot aimed to simplify and streamline the process of building Java applications. The framework's core principle of convention over configuration, coupled with pre-configured templates, swiftly resonated with developers, resulting in rapid adoption.

Over the years, Spring Boot has seen substantial growth and development. It has embraced the microservices architecture, providing seamless integration with Spring Cloud, which is instrumental in building distributed systems. Moreover, Spring Boot has integrated with Spring Data, making it easier to work with data sources, databases, and persistence layers. Its robust security module, Spring Security, has further extended its capabilities, enhancing authentication and authorization mechanisms for applications.

One of Spring Boot's standout features is its auto-configuration, which simplifies project setup and configuration by eliminating the need for manual adjustments. The inclusion of embedded containers for web applications ensures that developers can quickly deploy and test their applications without the hassle of external server setups. Continuous improvements in developer experience, like live reloading and enhanced tooling support, have made Spring Boot even more appealing to developers.

Spring Boot's ecosystem has grown significantly, encompassing a wide array of third-party libraries and extensions, offering solutions for various use cases. This diverse ecosystem provides developers with the flexibility to choose the components that best fit their project requirements.

An essential aspect of Spring Boot's evolution is its commitment to staying current. It actively embraces the latest Java versions, allowing developers to take advantage of the newest language features and improvements. This approach ensures that Spring Boot remains relevant and competitive in the ever-changing landscape of software development.

D. Laravel (2011)

Laravel, an open-source PHP web application framework, has undergone a significant evolution since its initial release in 2011. Developed by Taylor Otwell, Laravel started as an elegant and intuitive framework for building web applications, with a focus on developer productivity. Over the years, it has evolved to become one of the most popular PHP frameworks globally. Laravel introduced features like Eloquent ORM, a powerful query builder, and Blade templating for efficient and expressive coding. With each new version, the framework has incorporated enhancements, such as artisan commands for automation, robust authentication, and API support. Laravel's ecosystem has grown, offering a wide range of packages, tools, and community-driven resources. Its commitment to modern

E. ASP.NET (2011)

ASP.NET has evolved significantly since its inception. Starting with ASP.NET 1.0 in 2002, subsequent versions introduced key advancements.

ASP.NET version 2.0 (2005) brought master pages, membership, and enhanced data controls. ASP.NET version 3.5 PHP practices and continuous improvements in performance and security have made it the framework of choice for developers building everything from small websites to complex enterprise applications, showcasing Laravel's enduring relevance in the PHP web development landscape.

(2008) integrated ASP.NET AJAX for improved client-side interactions. The release of ASP.NET 4.0 (2010) focused on web development productivity and introduced the Entity Framework. ASP.NET 4.5 (2012) emphasized responsive design with enhancements like the asynchronous programming model. The modular ASP.NET Core emerged in 2016, supporting cross- platform development, improved performance, and a lightweight, flexible architecture. ASP.NET Core 2.0 (2017) expanded its capabilities, and subsequent versions continued to refine features, including Razor Pages and SignalR for real-time communication.ASP.NET-version5, later-renamed ASP.NET Core 3.0, marked a milestone in unifying the platform. The latest versions, like ASP.NET Core 6 (2021), continue  to            prioritize               performance,       cross-platform compatibility, and modern development paradigms.

F. Express.js framework (2011)

Express.js, a minimalist Node.js web application framework, has evolved significantly since its inception. Introduced in 2010, it gained rapid adoption due to its simplicity and flexibility. The release of Express 4.0 in 2014 brought modular routing and improved middleware support. The subsequent versions focused on enhancing performance, security, and developer experience. With Express 5, the framework aimed at modernizing its codebase and aligning with ECMAScript modules. The community-driven nature of Express.js ensures ongoing updates, fostering a vibrant ecosystem of middleware and extensions. Its evolution reflects a commitment to simplicity, scalability, and adaptability in building web applications with Node.js.

V. RESULT

The worldwide web development market was estimated to be worth USD 56000.0 million in 2021, USD 60709.6 million in 2022, and USD 96748.41 million in 2028, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.08% between 2022 and 2028, according to The Web Development Market Report.

A. Frontend-Frameworks in Web Development

The side of a website which user interact with is called frontend. It is also called as client side of an application. This side of a website is for user interaction so thus it is made beautiful to attract more user engagement. This side of the application is made to provide user friendly environment by providing more images, text, videos and animation. Everything a user interact with on an application is developed by a frontend developers. The major objectives of the developers include responsiveness and performance. Developers want their website to be responsive on all the different types of devices.

98.7% of websites (around 49,501,698 websites) on the Internet use JavaScript as a client-side programming language. There are around 6072115 users (45.41%) in the US, 993194 users (7.43%) in Germany, and 9491887 users (7.10%) in the United Kingdom that use JavaScript.

Conclusion

This review paper presents a front-end and back-end best practices comparison of Web frameworks. The creation of better and more effective Web applications is made possible by the implementation of best practices. Each web framework comes with pros and cons of its own. A developer\'s familiarity with the technologies, simplicity of programming, scalability and maintenance, time required to bring the product to market, and support from the developer community are all taken into consideration while selecting web development frameworks. The authors of this article believe that analyzing new best practices, including CSS selectors, caching, and performance for the various Web frameworks provided in this study, is appropriate as a future direction.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Ritesh ., Ayush Yadav, Ashutosh Dubey, Deepak Prajapati, Akarsh Srivastava. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.