Experimental Investigation Properties of Reinforced Cement Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by Metakaolin Clay and Structural Health Monitoring Using Sensor

Abstract

Cement concrete is the most extensively used construction material. Maintenance and repair of concrete structures is a growing problem involving significant expenditure. As a result carried out worldwide, it has been made possible to process the material to satisfy more stringent performance requirements, especially long–term durability. HPC is the latest development in concrete. It has become very popular and is being used in many prestigious projects such as Nuclear power projects, flyovers multi-storeyed buildings. When using HPC, the addition of supplementary materials in cement has dramatically increased along with the development of concrete industry, due to the consideration of cost saving, energy saving, environmental concerns both in terms of damage caused by the extraction of raw materials and carbon dioxide emission during cement manufacture have brought pressures to reduce cement consumption. Metakaolin looks to be a promising supplementary cementations material for high performance concrete. Properties of concrete with metakaolin is mostly preferred additives in high performance concrete. A possible lower cost, due to large availability in our country itself may be advantages to metakaolin usage in HPC. The substitution proportion of metakaolin is to be used was 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% by the weight of cement. To make this cubes and cylinders to determine the strength and durability of concrete of it. A multitude of structural health monitoring options are currently being investigated to address the reliability of concrete infrastructures at different stages of their service life. This review presents the recent achievements in the field of sensors developed for monitoring the health of concrete infrastructures. The focus of this review is on sensors developed for monitoring parameters including temperature, humidity, pH, corrosion rate, and stress/strain and the sensors particularly fabricated based on fiber optic, Bragg grating, piezoelectric, electrochemical, wireless and self-sensing technologies. Several examples of developed concrete monitoring sensors (from laboratory concepts to commercialized products) together with their various benefits and drawbacks as well as open research problems will be discussed in this project.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Cement plays the role of a binder, a substance that sets and hardens and might bind alternative materials along. The word "cement" comes from Romans, UN agency used the term “opus caementiciumto” describe masonry resembling fashionable concrete that was made up of rock with calcined lime as binder. The volcanic ash and small-grained brick additives (surkhi) that were additional to the calcined lime to get a hydraulic binder were later brought up as cimentum, cäment, and cement. Cement is widely used by human beings and it is second largest material after water used by human beings. Concrete is probably the most extensively used construction material in the world. It is only next to water as the most heavily consumed substance and about six billion tones being produced every year. This is due to the availability of large quantity of raw materials available for cement manufacture. However, environmentalists concern both in terms of damage caused by the extraction of raw material and CO2 emission during cement manufacture have brought pressures on researchers for the reduction of cement consumption by partial replacement of cement by supplementary materials. These materials may be naturally occurring, industrial wastes or by-products that require relatively less energy to manufacture. The other concerns contributing to these pressures are the incidents involving serious deterioration of concrete structures.

In addressing these concerns and other environmental issues relating to the disposal of waste industrial by products because of economic advantages, mixtures of Portland cement and pozzolans are now very commonly used in concrete production. Structural health monitoring (SHM) of concrete refers to the process of implementing a damage diagnosis and identification strategy. Current methods of the manual evaluation of a structure at fixed time intervals can be costly and labor-intensive. The advances in sensor technologies, wireless communications, data processing techniques, and artificial intelligence, in conjunction with the ever-growing number of aging structures and the pressure to minimize maintenance costs, reducing in-service failures and unforeseen downtimes have led to the development of smarter SHM techniques.

II. TECHNOLOGIES USED FOR DESIGNING SHM SENSORS

1. LM35 Temperature Sensors: LM35 series are precision integrated circuit temperature sensors with an output voltage linearly proportional to the centigrade temperature. It is calibrated in Kelvin. It measures changes in pressure, temperature, acceleration or force by converting them to an electrical charge.
2. Piezoelectric Sensors: Piezo sensors are used within many sensors and devices. They are used to convert a physical parameter, for example acceleration or pressure, into an electrical signal. Piezo sensors are used to measure the change in pressure, acceleration or strain by converting them into electrical charge. Piezoelectric devices are widely used in different industries, environments and applications, allowing to measure dynamic changes in mechanical variables including acceleration, shock and vibration.
3. DHT 11 Humidity Sensors: It measures Humidity of the surroundings. This sensor can be interfaced with any micro controller and it transmits the information to micro controller.

VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank the Almighty God for giving me the power to believe in myself and achieve my goals.

I sincerely remit my due respect to my project guide Mr. G.Silambarasan M.E., Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering for his encouragement and guidance throughout the project. I extend my sincere thanks to all faculty members, non-teaching staff and my friends for their help and support in completing this project work.

Conclusion

In this review, some recently reported sensors for SHM of concrete and their pros and cons were highlighted. The emphasis was more on the sensors fabricated based on fiber optic, Bragg grating, piezoelectric, electrochemical, wireless, and self-sensing technologies. While fiber optics and Bragg grating based sensors are more popular in monitoring humidity, temperature and pH, electrochemical sensors are commonly employed for corrosion monitoring, and piezoelectric transducers and self-sensing concrete are mainly used for strain/stress detection and monitoring. The fascinating properties of fiber optics and Bragg grating techniques are likely to continue to generate more activities in the scientific pathway of sensor design. 36 cubes were casted at the replacement ratios of 10%, 20% and 30% which were tested for the compressive strength at the stages of 7, 14 and 28 days. It is found that the addition of Metakaolin in concrete as replacement of OPC increases the compressive strength significantly. The clinker dilution effect occurs due to the replacement of cement by metakaolin and this effect is counter-acted by the pozzolanic reaction of metakaolin. Hence, it is significant to observe the optimum level of metakaolin replacement at which greater strength is achieved. Comparatively, the compressive strength attained the maximum value at the replacement level of 10%. Furthermore, ambient curing of concrete gave better results than water curing.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Poovarasan Thiyagarajan, Silambarasan G. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.