Flexural Behaviour of RCC slab using Epoxy Coated Bamboo as Reinforcement

Abstract

Bamboo is one of the potential material as a substitute for steel reinforcement. Bamboo is very cheap, easily available, and available in ample quantity. Bamboo is cultivated in farm by farmers. Bamboo is having very good mechanical properties which attract many researchers to use it as reinforcing material in concrete. From bamboo small thin strips were prepared. These strips were tied together in two directions to form a bamboo-strip- mat. All these strips while making bamboo-strip-mat was tied together with small thin Mild Steel wire to ensure their position in mat formation. Testing is done using bamboo- strip-mat as reinforcement in cement concrete prismatic section at bottom side. Concrete slab thus produced in laboratory were tested in flexure; results obtained were presented in this project. Bamboo strips were prepared from old age bamboo. Researchers at the Future Cities Laboratory Singapore Zurich achieved the liaison of both the superior physical properties of the bamboo fiber and the extraordinary mechanical properties of polymer resins in a new green and sustainable material technology. The team investigates the potential of high-performance bamboo fiber composite materials to replace steel reinforcements in structural concrete applications. The technology as such is to be considered low-tech with injected high-tech knowledge and components in order to upscale and install it in developing territories. With their fast growing urbanization rates, these areas overlap with the global natural habitat of bamboo, rendering bamboo an affordable and locally available natural resource for a future construction industry. The herein presented newly developed fiber composite materials might revolutionize this industry. In this sense, the research at the Future Cities Laboratory Singapore/ETH Zurich aims to offer a local solution on urban sustainability within a global frame. The construction principles involved in the designing of bamboo reinforced members and structures has been discussed in this document, the use of bamboo in the place of steel as a whole as well as with steel is shown to ensure the reduction in weight, economic advantages with its strength compromised to a slight and safe level. Various researches and study results will be used for the deduction of a method most suitable for the replacement of bamboo as reinforcing material in the right amount and the right proportion and the best possible placement in place of steel and or with steel.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Concrete is a composite material consisting of fine, coarse materials that are re- tained together by a cement paste that hardens over time. Lime- based  cement  binders,  such  as  lime  putty,  were  formerly  common, although they  were  some-times mixed with other hydraulic cements, to create   Portland   cement   concrete, use  calcium  aluminate  cement  or Portland  cement.  Asphalt  concrete  with  a   bi- tumen  binder,  which  is commonly used for road surfaces, and polymer concretes, which employ polymers as a binder,  are examples of non-cementitious concretes that use  alternative  methods  to  bind  aggregate  together.  Concrete  differs from mortar. Prestressing is a technique that produces known permanent stresses in a  structure or element before adding a full or live load. Tensioning the High    Tensile    Strands,    wires,    or    rods,    which    are    subsequently mechanically  fastened  to  the  Prestressed  component,  produces  these stresses.  Prestressed  concrete  is  simply  concrete  in  which  suitable magnitude   and   distribution   of   internal   stresses   are   supplied   to counteract   the   stresses   generated   by   external   loads   to   a   desired amount. Cables   are   made   of   high-tensile-strength   strands   that   have   been bunched   together.   These   wires   are   typically   housed   within the High-Tension Cable. TENDON refers to the whole assembly that includes the Anchorage and the High-Tension CableThe  use of  Reinforced  Cement  Concrete  in structural  members with very longspan lengths, low rises, and low structural heights is   practically   impossible.   Prestressing   is   employed   in   this example to achieve a light weight, elegantly designed, and cost- effective   construction   with   good   durability.    As   a   result, prestressing  is  commonly  employed  for  long  span  slab  and bridges. The prestressing process is also used very efficiently in building structures   to  manufacture   lighter   slabs   and   slabs,   greatly reducing their dead load when compared to R.C.C. Structures. In addition, the use of prestressing in build- ing construction allows for a longer span between columns, resulting in fewer columns. This  increases  the  framework’s  adaptability  to  interior  design

II.LITERATURE  REVIEW

1. Archila  H.  F.  and  Kaminski  S.[1]  This  review  addresses  such  ‘bamboo-reinforced concrete’ and assesses its structural and environmental performance as an alternative to steel  reinforced  concrete.  A  prototype  three  bay  portal  frame,  that  would  not  be uncommon   in   regions   of   the   world   where   bamboo-reinforced   concrete   may   be considered, is used to illustrate bamboo reinforced concrete design and as a basis for a life  cycle  assessment  of  the  same.  The  authors  conclude  that,  although  bamboo  is  a material with extraordinary mechanical properties, its use in bamboo-reinforced concrete is  an  ill-considered  concept,  having significant  durability,  strength  and  stiffness  issues, and does not meet the environmentally friendly credentials often attributed to it.
2. Saheb D.N. and Jog J.P.[2] Tensile tests and micro structural analysis were conducted to investigate  the  impact  of  different  corrosive  environments  on  the  bamboo  composite material’s   behaviour.   The   results   revealed   that   the   application   of   epoxy   coating successfully  protected   bamboo   composite   material’s   integrity   without   substantially affecting  its  mechanical  capacity,  particularly  in  acidic  environment.  Secondly,  bond strength between bamboo composite material and concrete was investigated through pull- out tests. The epoxy coating improved the bond strength, especially with addition of sand particles.  The  findings  of  this  study  suggest  that  epoxy  coating  can  be  an  effective approach to simultaneously enhance the bamboo composite material’s resistance towards acid  attack  and  improve  its  bond  strength  with  concrete  for  concrete  reinforcement application.
3. Agarwal Atul and Bharadwaj Nanda.[3] The feasibility for usage of bamboo as reinforcement in concrete is evaluated through a series  of  experimental  investigations  in  the  present  study.  First  of  all,  tensile  test  of locally procured bamboo strips are conducted for evaluation of its ultimate strength and engineering properties. Varieties of adhesives such as Tapecrete P-151, Sikadur 32 Gel, Araldite and Anti CorrRC have been used for the treatment bamboo to study their effect on   bond   strength   at   the   interface   of   the   bamboo   concrete   composite.   From   the comparative study the most suitable adhesive has been selected and used further to cast bamboo reinforced beams and columns.
4. Sakaray Harish and Reddy Ramana[4] In this paper an attempt has been made for finding bamboo as reinforcement in concrete by determining the various physical and mechanical properties of bamboo. The investigations conducted for the tested types of bamboo are evaluated using the same accept criteria as that of steel. This study investigates the Moso type bamboo tensile stress, compressive stress, Modulus of Elasticity, Water absorption capacity, Shear stress, and bonding stress.
5.  Ahmad Shakeel and Raza Altamash[5] To see the effect of bamboo fibre on compressive and flexure strength, bamboo reinforced Concrete cubes have been tested. On comparing the results with plain concrete cubes, strength becomes double in 50 days testing. Further singly  and  doubly  reinforced  beam  with  bamboo  sticks  have  been  cast  and  tested  in
6. Khan Imran and Jibhkate Nitesh[6] Reinforced concrete is most common material in the world but it become expensive when as reinforcement steel is used. So this present paper deals with the utilization of bamboo as reinforcement in place of steel. Cost analysis and limitations of bamboo. The intention of research is to utilize bamboo as a key structural material, for a safe and durable house, which can be affordable by poor people.
7. Srivastava Manjesh and Sharma Kuldeep[7] To study the effect of replacement of steel reinforcement  by  bamboo  reinforcement,  designs  have  been  conducted  on  the  span  of two way slab of size 3650 x 4570 sq-mm with providing beams. The information in this report  has  been  compiled  from  reports  of  test  programs  by  various  researchers  and represents current opinion. In this paper the designs are done on the calculation of loads according to IS 456:2000 and compare the costs of structure by design of structure.

A. Remark on Literature Review

In recent years, it has been noted that researchers are primarily focused on post tensioned systems that are used in slab analysis and design. However,  no  substantial  research   has   been  conducted  on  the   analysis and designof Optimization of slab by post tensioned design in slab. Post- tensioned slab thickness optimization is often done to improve mechanical behaviour, particularly bending  moments,  as  well  as  to  minimise  strain energy of  the  slab,  which  results  ina  reduction  in  the  area  of  the  post- tensioned tendons and, as a result, a reductionin construction cost.

III. METHODOLOGY

A.  Experimental Work

The  design  of  RCC  slab  and  PT  slab  has  been  carried  out  in  the proposed  project  work  as  per  Indian  scenario.  For  experimental purposes   cast   a   prototype   model   which  is   suitable   for   casting, handling and testing.

After the casting of all slab specimens are done and reinforced with IS 456:2000 and IS 1343:2012. All the slabs have been  designed  and  tendons  are  stressed  by  using  prestressing  jack andalso testing will be done with loading frame.

Table 3.1 shows the mechanical and thermal properties of the selected materials.

B. Tests on cement

1. Standard Consistency Test:  (IS 12269-1987): The standard consistency of cement paste is defined as the consistency of  cement paste  that  allows  a  vicat’s  plunger  with  a  diameter  of  10  mm  and  a length  of  50 mm  to  be  inserted  into  thespecimen  from  the  top  of  the mould.
2. Initial Setting Time Test: (IS 12269-1987): The  period  passed  between  the  addition  of  water  to  the  cement  and the  begin-ning of the paste’s loss of flexibility  The first setting time is limited to 30 minutes.
3. Final Setting Time Test: (IS 12269-1987): It is the amount of time that has passed between the addition of water to  cement and  the  point  at  which  the  paste  has   fully  lost  its  fluidity. This period should not exceed 10 hours.
4. Compressive Strength:  (IS 650-1991): The  most  essential  property  of  hardened  cement  is  its  compressive strength.  The  strength  test  is  performed  on  a cement  sand  motor  in   a particular  percentage  rather  than  on  net  cement  paste.  The compressive strength of three cubes is mea- sured, and  the  average  of the three  cubes is taken. Material  Properties  of  Cement Throughout  the project,  Portland  Pozzolana  cement  (PPC  53  Grade cement)  is  utilized.  Cement  that  conforms  to  IS:  12269-1987. 

The cement material charac- teristics are shown in the table.                                           

                                                                    Table 1:  Properties of Cement

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Experimental results of RCC and Post- Tensioned Slab

Four-point  loading  was  applied  to  the  slab  until  it  failed.  A  digital loading   frame   was   used   to   apply   the   load.       The   graphical representation of Load vs Deflection for RCC and post-tensioned slabs with optimization of slab thickness. The results of RCC slab & PT Slab as shown below, Comparison of  PT  75 mm slab thickness and  RCC  Slab of 75 mm thickness Four-point  loading  was  applied  to  the  slab  until  it  failed.  A  digital loading   frame   was   used   to   apply   the   load.       The   graphical representation of Load vs Deflection for RCC and post-tensioned slabs with optimization of slab thickness. The results of RCC slab & PT Slab as shown below,

B. Comparison of PT 100 mm slab thickness and  RCC  100 mm slab thickness

The maximum load carried by the  PT Slab of 75 mm thickness is 121  KN  and at L/3 distance, the deflection was measured to be 32.93 mm  and  at  2L/3  distance,  the  deflection  was  measured  to  be  30.94 mm.  Also,  the  maximum  load  carried  by the  RCC  Slab  of  75  mm thickness is 87.31 KN. At L/3 distance, the maximum deflection was measured to be 32.57  mm and at 2L/3 distance, the deflection was measured to be 30.27 mm.

C. Moment  of  Resistance  Results

The ultimate load carried by the slab is used to compute the moment of resistance for all slabs. The graphical representation of moment of resistance, optimization of slab thickness in RCC and post-tensioned slabs. The result of moment of resistance is given as below,

D. Software Results

Etabs  18,  a  finite  element  software  tool,  was  used  to  analyze  the specimens. The specimen’s deflection is determined at the ultimate load, which includes two-point load,  self-weight,  and  live  load  on  the  slab. The  table  below  shows  the  variationin findings from software analysis, and experimental program.

Conclusion

1) The deflection of the PT slab is optimized up to 5% than RCC Slab. 2) The moment of resistance for PT slab of 75mm thickness is 27.85% increasedthan RCC Slab of 75mm thickness whereas PT slab of 100mm thickness is 11.38 % increased than RCC Slab of 100mm thickness. Hence from proposed size of slab specimen and loading condition PT slab of 75mm thickness is preferable. 3) According to experimental testing of slab specimens the load carrying capac- ity, The PT slab of 75mm thickness is 27.85 % increased than RCC Slab of 75mm thickness whereas PT slab of 100mm thickness is 11.38 % increased than RCC Slab of 100mm thickness. 4) The cost of 75mm thickness PT slab is 65.44 % increased than RCC slab of 75mm thickness whereas the cost of 100mm thickness PT slab of is 69.33 % increased than RCC slab of 100mm thickness. Hence from above reults it is

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Mr. Vivek Sarjerao Chavan, Harshvardhan Vittal Ghorpade, Gourav Shivaji Patil , Pramod Bajirao Jagtap, Shubham Shahaji Patil, Prof. G. S. Kamble. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.