Floristic Studies on Karekura Village, Srirangapatna Taluk, Mandya District, Karnataka

Abstract

: A total of 133 species spanning 119 genera and 46 families have been identified in the Karekura village, Srirangapatna taluk, Mandya district, Karnataka. Dicotyledons make up 40 families, 103 genera and 108 species. There are 6 families, 14 genera and 14 species represented by monocotyledons. The Asteraceae family, which has 15 species is the most prevalent family out of the 46 families gathered. 16 of the 119 genera in the collection have more than two species that are dominant. For its potential sustainable use in the future, the accessibility and distribution of specific plant species have undergone rigorous examination. According to the study, the majority of the plants identified in the village of Karekura are known to have therapeutic properties.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

In Spite of the fact that India has several heritage sites, Srirangapatna is one of the most well-known historical and heritage sites. Srirangapatna is a town municipal council and taluk administrative center in Mandya district, Karnataka, India. It is an island settlement that was established in 894 AD and is surrounded by the Cauvery River on the Bangalore-Mysore highway (Shankar and Uma, 2012).

The location code or village code of karekura village is 614283, according to data from the state of Karnataka’s 2011 Census. The karekura village locality’s pin code is 571438.  Karekura village is found in the Srirangapatna taluk, Karnataka state of India’s. It is located 35km from the district headquarters of Mandya and 11 km from the sub-district headquarters of Srirangapatna taluk and Hosahalli is the Gramma Panchyat for the hamlet of Karekura village as of the year 2009. The village covers an area of 81. 84 hectares in total.

A 1000 year old temple honoring lord Sriranganatha is the source of the name Srirangapatna. The Deccan plateau town, with an area of 8.6 square kilometers, is situated at 12.41o N and 76.7o E, with an average elevation of 679 meters 2227 feet (Fig 1). The weather is warm and fluctuates between 14oC to 34.5o C. Maximum annual rainfall was 810 mm, while minimum annual rainfall was 217mm. The soil vary from red sand loams to red clay loams, which are somewhat thick in the valley areas and very thin in ridges and higher elevations. Sriangapatna is the closet town to karekura village for all significant economic activities and is located 9 kilometers distant.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The floristic study was conducted in the Karekura village of Srirangapatna taluk in the Mandya District (Fig.1).  Floristic region was moist deciduous and dry deciduous type of vegetation was rich and abundant.

The study were carried out from 2019 to 2020 and cover the majority of species in flowering and fruiting stage. Plants were photographed and collected while field observation was being conducted. Using customary herbarium methods, the materials were collected and poisoned [Jain and Rao, 1977].

The collected plants were preserved with voucher number are kept in the herbarium center P. G. Department of Botany, Yuvaraja’s College, University of Mysore,  Mysuru. With the use of floras and regional floras collected plant specimens were identified [Gamble & Fischer, 1967; Saldanha and Nicolson, 1967]. Bentham and Hooker’s classification approach is used to order the families [Bentham & Hooker, 1&3].

III. RESULTS

A total of 133 species spanning 119 genera and 46 families have been identified in the current inquiry. Of these, 108 species (88.5%), and 40 families (80.95%) are dicotyledons. The monocotyledons comprise 14 genera with 11.7%, 14 species with 11.14 species with 11.4% and 6 families (13.3%). The examination of the documented behaviors of the gathered plants revealed that there are 82 species in total, with herbs making up the majority (61.6%), followed by shrubs with 31 species (23.3%), and trees with 17 species (12.7%) shown in the (fig 2). Asteraceae, one of the 46 families, has the most species (15), followed by Fabaceae (12), Malvaceae (9), Solanaceae and Poaceae (7), Rubiaceae, Apocyaaceae, Euphorbiaceae (6), Amaranthaceae, Convolvuaceae, Lamiaceae (5 species), and Acanthaceae (4 species), among others. Families with three species each include the Cucurbitaceae, Araceae, Oleaceae, verbenaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Ongraceae, Myrtaceae, Apiaceae, Oxallidaceae, Cupressaceae and Rutaceae families each share two species. Amaryllidaceae, Agavaceae, Aspargaceae, Basellaceae, Balsaminaceae, Cannaceae, Capparaceae, Cistaceae, Sapindaceae, Caricaceae, Cleomaceae, Lyrthaceae, Moraceae, Muntinigaceae, Nelumbonaceae, Violaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Polygonaceae, Piperaceae, Portulacaceae, Cyperaceae, Rosaceae and Fagaceae each have a species. (Tables 1). The research discovered that the plants identified from the region around the village are crucial to the local economy. Few of them are edible, while others have medicinal, decorative or both values. The essential understanding of biodiversity can only be preserved through plant record keeping.

IV. DISCUSSION

Our findings suggest that shrubs might be helpful to maintain vegetation and reduce erosion along roadside. Roads are artificial urban corridors that constitute a crucial component of urban infrastructure [Ranta et al., 2015]. The biodiversity, pleasure, and esthetic value of roadside plants as an essential part of urban green areas [Rowntree, 2015]. Deforestation and overgrazing were the two main threats identified. The majority of indigenous healers, especially Vaidya’s, preferred together medicinal herbs in secret, often with the help of their chosen family members [Dokos et al., 2009]. The majority of plants are utilized locally for treating a variety of ailments and have therapeutic properties. Due to industrialization, the younger population is more reliant on allopathic medications for the treatment of various issues because they offer quicker relief than Ayurveda, however Ayurvedic medications have far fewer adverse effects than allopathic medications. [Savithramma et al., 2007].

According to an all-India coordinated project conducted by the Ministry of Environment and Forest, New Delhi, just 10% of these medicinal plants may prove to be a potential source of novel pharmaceuticals, while 40% of flowering plants in India are known to have ethno medicinal value [Sandhya et al., 2006]. According to our study, the majority of plant remedies used to treat a particular condition were made from blends of various plant species. The plant species were utilized either on their own or in conjunction with other species including Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Leucas aspera and Azrdirachta indica. It is said that the majority of the plants were utilized to treat human illnesses. Regular assessment and the maintenance of traditional knowledge are very much required for the creation of a database on the availability of the plant species. It is significant that there are readily available plants in karekura village that can improve a variety of dietary practices and nutritional value, supporting both the well-being of the person and the community.

V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are very thankful to Dr. K. Krishna and Dr. M. K. Mahesh, Professor, P. G. Department of Botany, Yuvaraja’s College, (Autonomous), University of Mysore, Mysuru and also thankful to the college Principal for facilities provided to carry out the work. I also extend my gratefulness to my friend Ashwini M, for her continuous support and motivation.

Conclusion

The current study highlighted the karekura village\'s richness of medicinal plants. This area displays shrubs, herbs, trees, and climbers that have a high therapeutic value. The uses of edible species can be consumed every day to meet the nutritional needs of urban households. The nutritional benefits of the therapeutic plants point to potential new career paths for the next generation. To close gaps in the pharmaceutical industry, additional research linked to the estimation of growth rate and sustainable harvesting techniques of these priceless medicinal resources might be launched. More research needs to be done to examine the whole floral spectrum of karekura village and conservation plans for the plant species that are less frequency available need to be developed. In the absence of such circumstances, the extinction of that specific plant species might occur.

References

[1] Bentham, G. and Hooker, J. D. Genera Plantarum. Reeve & company, 1&3, 1862-1883. [2] Dokos, C., Hadjicosta, C., Dokou, K. and Stephanou, N. (2009). Ethnopharmacological survey of endemic medicinal plants in Papho district of Cyprus. Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 13, 1060-1068. [3] Gamble, J. S. and Fisher, C. E. C. (1967). The Flora of Presidency of Madras, Reprint Edition, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. [4] Jain, S. K. and Rao, P.R. (1977). A Handbook of field and herbarium methods. Scholarly publication, New Delhi. 157. [5] Ranta, P., Kesulahti, J., Tanskanen, A., Viljanen, V., Virtanen, T. (2015). Roadside and river side green – urban corridors in the city of Vantaa, Finland. Urban ecosystem. 18, 341-354. [6] Rowntree, R. (1984). Ecology of the urban forest, Introduction to part I. Urban Ecology, 8, 1-11. [7] Saldanha, C. J. & Nicolson, D. H. (1976). Flora of Hassan District, Karnataka, India. [8] Sandhya, B., Thomas, S., Isabel, W. and Shenbagarathi, R. (2006). Ethnobotanical plants used by the Valayian community of piranmalai hills, Tamilnadu, India. African Journal of traditional CAM, 101-114. [9] Savithramma, N., Sulochana, C. and Rao, K. N. (2007). Ethnobotanical survey of plants used to treat asthma in Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Ethanopharmacology, 113, 54-61. [10] Shankar, B. and Uma, S. (2012). Conservation strategies for Srirangapatna Town: Evaluation of heritage buildings. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, 2(2), 160-164. (Table 1). Family, Botanical Name, Common Name and medicinal uses. Family Botanical name Common name Medicinal uses Acanthaceae Asystasia gangetica Ganges violet. Heart problem, fever, epilepsy, stomach pains. Crossandra infundibuliformis Fire cracker flower. Fever, headache, toothache, syphilis. Justicia betonica Squirrel tail. Vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, headache. Thunbergia erecta King’s mantel Insomnia, depression, anxiety management. Agavaceae Agave Americana Agave Ascites, diarrhea, skin disease. Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera Prickly chaff flower. Antifertility in women, ear complaints, insect bites. Althernanthera sessilis Sessile jolly weed. Eye trouble, hepatitis, hernia, hair tonic. Amranthus retroflexus Pigweed. Astringent, profuse menstruation, intestinal bleeding, diarrhea. Amaranthus spinosus Prickly Amaranth Blood purifier, cough, cold, snake bite. Althaea officinalis White mallow. Skin irritation, healing wounds, ulcers. Celosia argentea Periwinkle. Haemorrhoid bleeding, uterine bleeding, dysentery. Amaryllidaceae Hippeastrum puniceum Easter lily Stomach ache, asthma, vomiting. Apiaceae Centella asiatica Indian Pennywort. Leucorrhoea, nervous disorder, fever. Foeniculm vulgare Sweet fennel. Abdominal, diuretic, stomach pain, indigestion. Apocyanaceae Cascabela thevetia Yellow oleander. Emetic, fever, heart disease, blood pressure. Catharanthus roseus Periwinkle. Diabetes, helminthiasis. Malaria, leukemia, Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Nerium oleander Kanigale. Ulcers, leprosy, abscesses, hemorrhoids. Tabernaaemontana divaricate Crape jasmine. Snake bites, hypertension, headache, scabies, abdominal complaints. Araceae Colocasia esculenta Cocoyam. Skin sores, blisters, cuts and wounds, pharyngitis. Cocos nucifera Coconut. Bladder ailments, aphrodisiac, rheumatism. Dypsis lutescens Areca Palm. Wounds, burns, skin surgery, ulcers. Asclepiadaceae Asclepias curassavica Scarlet Milkweed. Skin ulcer, ringworm, dermatitis, sores. Calotropis gigantea Ekka Leprosy, syphilis, ulcer, dysentery, rheumatism. Asteraceae Ageratina aromatica Smaller white snake root. Diaphoretic, diuretic, nervous disorder, pulmonary disease. Bidens pilosa Beggar Tick. Digestive disorder, toothache, ulcers, diabetes. Chrysanthemum morifolium Garden mum. Head ache, sore eyes, heart disease, sedative. Emilia sanchifolia Purple Sow Thistle. Diabetes, diarrhea, toothache. Galinsoga parviflora Quick weed. Skin inflammation, Ethiopia, Helianthus annuus Sunflower. Astringent, diuretic, swelling, snake bites. Matricaria recutita Chamomilla. Skin disease, insomnia, and carminative. Mikania scandens Climbing Hempweed. Wound healing, coughs, gastric, Anti-inflammatory. Sphagneticaola trilobata .Yellow Dots. Chest colds, colds. Synedrella nodiflora Cinderella Weed. Epilepsy, anticonvulsant, wounds, swelling. Tagetes erecta Marigold. Anti-hemorrhagic, bleeding, eye disease. Tagetes tenuifolia Lemon marigold. Snake bites, stomach flu, constipation, indigestion. Tithonia diversifolia Giant Mexican Sunflower. Anti-inflammatory, gastrointestinal, skin disease. Tridax procumbent .Tridax Daisy. Blisters, eczema, leprosy, toothache, ulcers. Xanthium strumarium Common Cocklebur. Boils, piles, ringworm, toothache. Balsaminaceae Impatiens balsamina Karnakudala. Diuretic, joint pains, skin problem, wounds. Basellaceae Basella alba Indian spinach. Constipation, syphilis, ulcer in nose. Cannaceae Canna indica Wild canna. Fever, gonorrhea, diuretic, dermatomes. Capparaceae Capparis spinosa Alpine caper brush. Liver and kidney disease, paralysis, diabetes, mental disorder. Caricaeae Carica papaya Papaya. Anthelmintic, blood pressure, digestive disorder. Cistaceae Helianthemum apennium White rock rose. Stress, syphilis, opthalmia, tumors, ulcer. Cleomaceae Cleome viscosa Asian spider flower. Anthelmintic, boils, check pus formation. Convolvulaceae Evolvulus alsinoides Dwarf Morning Glory. Aphrodisiac, asthma, bronchitis, dysentery, fever. Ipomoea hederifolia Scarlet morning glory. Anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant. Ipomoea batatas Sweet potato. Anti-diabetic, treat measles. Ipomoea carnea .Bush Morning Glory. Anti -cancer, anti-inflammatory, skin problem. Ipomoea obscura .Obscure Morning Glory. Dysentery, treat aphthae, treat sores. Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus Watermelon. . Dropsy and renal stone, intestinal inflammation. Cucumis melo Muskmelon. Scrotal hernia, skin problem, burns and abrasions. Ecballium elaterium Squirting cucumber. Edema, kidney problem, heart problem, rheumatism. Cupressaceae Cupressus lusitanica Mexican white cedar. Headache, cancer, rheumatism, skin disease. Thuja occidentalis Northern white-cedar. Respiratory problem, headache, cough, diuretic. Cypperaceae Schoenoplectus lacustris Bulrush Astringent, diuretic, cancer. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia heterophylla Wild Poinsettia. Constipation, stomach ache, antiplasmodial. Euphorbia hirta Asthma Weed. Burns, cough, cuts, excess lactation, kidney disease. Euphorbia pulcherrima Poinsettia. Toothache, allergic, skin disease, arthritis, ulcers. Jatropa curcas .Barbados nut. Paralysis, skin trouble, jaundice. Mercurialis annual Annual mercury Emetic, emollient, purgative, gall bladder and liver. Ricinus communis Castor bean. Boils, burns, contraceptive, dropsy, heat stroke. Fabaceae Caesalpinia pulcherrimma Peacock flower. Body ache, gum trouble, ring worm. Cajanus cajana Congo pea. Stomach pain, constipation, blood sugar. Chamaecrista mimosoides Feathered-leaved cassia. Dysentery, stomach pains, uterus problem. Laburnum anagyroides Golden chain. Vomiting, Macroptilium atropurpureum Purple bush-Bean. Skin problem, Phaseolus vulgaris Hurali kayi. Kidney and heart ailments, diarrhea, weight loss and obesity. Pongamia pinnata Pongam tree Blood dysentery, skin disease, bleeding hemorrhoid. Pueraria phaseoloides Tropical kudzu. Ulcers, swelling. Senna corymbosa Senna. Laxative, Constipation, chronic stomach ache. Spartium junceum. Spanish broom. Laxative, emetic, cardiotonic heart arrhythmias, gallstone. Tipuana tipu Tipu tree. Vigna radiata Moong bean. Paralysis, rheumatism, liver aliments, heart stroke. Fagaceae Quercus ilex Hollyoak. Skin problem, hemorrhoids, dysentery. Lamiaceae Leucas aspera Common leucas Scabies, poisonous bites. Mentha spicata Spearmint. Cold, diuretic, digestive disorder, cancer. Ocimum basilicum Basil. Cholera, cough, earache, fever, headache. Plectranthus amboinicus Indian borage. . Nasal congestion, rheumatism, swelling. Thymus vulgaris Common thyme. Stomach ache, arthritis, sore throat, diarrhea. Lyrthaceae Cuphea hyssopifolia Mexican heather. Antioxidant, fever, coughs. Malvaceae Abutilon indicum Indian Mallow. Cough diarrhea, dysentery, leprosy and stomach complaints Althaea officinalis White mallow. Gastric ulcer, skin irritation, inflammation, wound healing. Cebia pentandra Kapok. Treat asthma, scabies, coughs, and headache. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis .China rose. Cure sinus, aphrodisiac, cystitis, venereal disease. Malvastrum coromandelium False mallow. Aphrodisiac, premature ejaculation, Anti-inflammatory. Sida rhombifolia .Cuban jute. Reduce swelling, emollient, rheumatism, and headache. Triumfetta rhomboidea .Burr Bush. Intestinal ulcers, diarrhea, pimples, snake bite. Urena lobata Caesar weed. Diarrhea, dysentery, hyperacidity. Moraceae Fiscus elastic Rubber tree Stomach problem, nausea, digestive problem, and trichuriasis. Muntingiaceae Muntingia calabura Jamaica cherry Cold, headache, antiseptic properties. Myrtaceae Eucalyptus gunnii Cider gum Antiseptic, coughs, colds, throat infection. Psidium guajava Guava Dysentery, gonorrhea, skin problem. Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo nucifera Lotus. Astringent, diarrhea, cholera, tonic. Oleaceae Jasminum multiflorum Downy jasmine. Headache, wounds, snake poisoning, Jasminum nudiflorum Common jasmine. Cancer, liver disease, dysentery, wound healing. Jasminum sambac Arabian Jasmine. Anti-depressant, cancer, ulcer, eye disorder. Onagraceae Epilobium hirsutum Hairy willow-herb. Prostate disease, cancer, sleeping disorder. Epilobium montanum Willow herb. Kidney problem, Oenothera biennis Evening star. Breast pain, eczema. Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Creeping Wood Sorrel. Open sores, akin disease, lithnotripic. Oxalis dillenii Southern Wood Sorrel. Antiscorbic, influenza, fever, Snake bites. Phyllanthaceae Breynia vitis-idaea. Coral berry tree. Hemorrhage, tonsils, rheumatism, stop bleeding. Phyllanthus reticulatus Black-Honey Shrub Heart disorder, sore throat, ant diabetic. Piperaceae Piper betle Betel Vine. Sex stimulant, stop bleeding, and constipation. Poaceae Chloris barbata Swollen Finger Grass. Skin disease, fever, diarrhea, diabetes. Dactylis glomerate Orchard grass. Treating tumor, kidney, and bladder ailments. Eleusine coracana Finger Millet. . Fever, hepatitis, liver disease, pneumonia. Orizya sativa Rice. Appetite, control sweating, chronic pneumonia. Panicum repens Torpedo grass. Treating menstrual cycle. Phleum pretense Timothy grass. . Allergies, fever, tumour disease, asthma. Saccharum officinarium Sugarcane. Acidity, wounds, sore eyes, whooping cough. Polygonaceae Persicaria lanthifolia Pale smartweed. Antiseptic, Astringent, stomach complaints, fever. Portulaceae Portulaca oleracea Purslane. Stomachache, coughs, sores, skin disease. Rosaceae Rosa chinensis China rose. Blood circulation, arthritis, coughs, and dysmenorrhea. Rubiaceae Ixcora coccinea Jungle geranium. Diarrhea, fever, dysentery, anti-inflammatory. Metacarpus hiatus Tropical Girdle pod. Venereal disease, skin disease, leprosy, ring worm. Richard sabra Rough Mexican Clover. Gastric, fevers, amoebic dysentery. Rubbia peregrine Wild Madder. Abortification, diuretic, emmeagogue, aphrodisiac Rutaceae Aegle marmelos Beli fruit. Abdominal pain, heat in abdomen, vomiting. Murraya koenigii Curry Leaf. Anti-emetic, eye, blood sugar, urinary problem. Sapindaceae Cardiospermum halicacabum Balloon Vine. Rheumatism, nervous disease, snake bite. Solanaceae Capsicum annum Chilly. Tympanitis, paralysis, rheumatoid arthritis. Datura metel Kala Dhatura. Asthma, blister, boils, rheumatism, ring worm. Physalis minima Gosse berry. Anticancer activity, dropsy, urinary tract disorder, gout and gonorrhea Solanum americanum Black nightshade. Gonorrhea, urinary problem, heart pain. Solanum lycopersicum Tomato. . Worm swelling, leprosy, skin problem. Solanum sisymbriifolium Sticky Nightshade bitter. Toothache, cough, wounds, stomachache. Solanum tuberosum Irish potato. Eye disease, inflammation, peptic ulcers, antispasmodic. Verbinaceae Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Blue porter weed. Nervous disorder, diabetes, skin disorder. Verbena officinalis. Vervain. Nervous disorder, urinary disorder, chest pain. Violaceae Viola rostrata Common blue violet. Headache, constipation, coughs, sore throats. Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris Puncture Vine. Urinary infection, kidney stone disorder.

Copyright

Copyright © 2023 G. R. Chandan, M. M. Kalpashree, Dr. K. Krishna. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.