Formulation and Evaluation of Vitamin C Cream for the Treatment of Hyper Pigmentation

Abstract

Introduction

I. INTROUDUCTION

Hyper pigmentation is characterized  as the obscuring of the skin’s normal colour, more often than not due to an increase in melanin deposition (hyper melanosis) in the epidermis or dermis, an increase in chromophores of nonmelanic origin (hyperchromia), or to dermal statement of endogenous or exogenous colors such as hemosiderin, press or overwhelming metals .

 Hyper pigmentation may be a visit reason for discussion ,especially in patients with darker skin30. Skin hyper pigmentation may be a clutter in which patches of skin gotten to be darker in color than the typical encompassing skin. This happens when melanin is overproduced in certain spots on the skin details, with such actives demonstrating profoundly alluring candidates. Commonly utilized specialists are hydroquinone, vitamin C or scorbic corrosive, arbutin, and kojic corrosive and subordinates thereof. Melanin is an critical color in skin hyperpigmentation which is created by the method called melanogenesis. expanded melanin color in epithelial cell is called melanosis. Epidermal melanosis is when melanocytes are in typical  number but melanin is expanded in hyper pigmented skin and dermal melanosis happen when melanin is show inside  the dermis between bundles of collagen 18R. In spite of the fact that the most chances figure for hyperpigmentation is introduction to normal or counte rbright ultraviolet (UV) radiation, hormonal varibles have been involved within the pathogenesis of more extreme shapes of hyperpigmentation such as melasma. This can be since these skin conditions more commonly affect ladies and can be associated with hormonal unsetting influences,verbal contraceptives and pregnancy3

Hypermelanosis within the epidermis is caused by an increment in melanin in the basal and suprabasal layer of the skin realated  with a ordinary or raised sum of melanocytes. Dermal hypermelanosis may be due to different components, such as the exchange of melanin from the epidermis to the dermis and its collection inside the melanophages (pigmentary incontinence), and is commonly watched in flery skin diseases affecting the basal layer and/or the dermal-epidermal intersection. Another cause is dermal statement of endogenous and exogenous colors, such as hemosiderin or press, or a neighborhood or systemic introduction to overwhelming metals (silver, gold, mercury). Metals such as press can fortify  melanogenesis, as watched in patients with hemochromatosis30. Skin helping operators, of which phenolics are the most widely used, can be employed in a formulation as either a single compound, or a combination of actives. The application of herbal extracts containing several actives acting synergistically to improve the efficacy is also encountered in cosmetic Mulberry, artocarpus and orchid extracts are also used in cosmetic formulations

A. Hyperpigmention

There are Three types of hyper pigmentation

1. Post-inflammatory hyper pigmentation
2. Melasma
3. Age spot

B. Creams                         

Creams are a sort of item that can be connected to the skin.Creams are "thick fluid or semi-solid emulsions of either the oil-in-water or water-in-oil sort," the consistency of which shifts depending on the sum of oil and water utilized. Creams can be utilized for a assortment  of corrective gosls,counting cleansing, beautifying, makin strides looks, and securing as well as restorative purposes. These things are aiming to be utilized topically to extend medicate conveyance to particular skin area for skin maladies. Creams are classified as pharmaceutical items since they are made using methods created within the  pharmaceutical segment; both unmedicated and sedated creams are broadly utilized to treat a assortment of skin issues and dermatoses. They are made up of one or more sedate compounds that have been scattered in a reasonable  base to creat a homogeneous emulsion2.Emulsions are classified into large scsle and microemulsions based on the esimate of the scattered stage globules. Emulsions are broadly utilized  as a vehicle for medicine ,especially over the skin, due to their highlights. Water in-oil (W/O) emulsions are more broadly utilized for the treatment of dermatological issues, especially for dry skin

C. Classification Of Creams

All the skin creams can be classified on diverse premise:

1. Concucurring to their work, e.g. cleansing, establishment ,rub, etc.
2. Concucurring to their characteristics properties, e.g. cold creams, vanishing creams,etc
3. Concucurring to their nature or type of emulsion.

D. Sorts Of Skin Creams

They are classified into two types:

1. Oil-in-Water (O/W) creams are made up of miniature beads of oil spread in a ceaseless stage, and an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion is one in which the oil is scattered asbeads all throught the fluid phase.
2. Water-in-Oil (W/O) creams are made up of diminutive water beads suspended in a nonstop sleek stage. The emulsion is of the water-in-oil (W/O) sort when water is the scattered stage and oil is the scattering medium.

E. Preferences  Of Cream As A Sedate  Conveyance  Framework

1. It is the foremost helpful strategy of medicate conveyance.
2. It deters the require for first-pass digestion system.
3. Cream is very valuable fo200r rectal and vaginal medicine organization.
4. It is non-intrusive in nature.
5. It comes about in tall understanding fulfillment.
6. Medicine can be effortlessly ceased as required.
7. Gastrointestinal incongruence  is avoided.
8. It could be a secure and successful strategy of conveying pharmaceutical atoms with lower concentrations than conventional methods2,6,8.

F. Drawbacks Of Cream  As  A  Medicate   Conveyance  System

1. The pharmaceutical  or excipients may cause skin bothering  or dermatitis.
2. Most medicines have a tall atomic weight and are fat dissolvable, hence they cannot be retained  through the skin or mucous layers.
3. It can as it were be utilized for drugs  that require  an awfully moo plasma concentration to work.

G. Skin Anatomy And Physiology

The biggest outside  defense instrument  is the skin. Sensation, separator, temperature control, vitamin D metabolism, and vitamin B folate maintenance are among its other roles. The skin is the biggestt point of contact between the body and the environment, with Thermoregulation, protection of the body against physical, chemical, and microbiological hurt, and misfortune of water and other chemicals are only a few of the activities.

1. Anatomy

The peripheral layer is called epidermis, the center layer is called dermis and the inward most layer is hypodermis1.

2. Skin Layers

a. Epidermis: It is made up of epithelial cells. It is conceivable to discover both living and dead cells among these cells. The epidermis needs blood vessels and nerve endings, but the more profound layers of it emerge in interstitial fluid, that serves oxygen and nourishment whereas moreover depleting as lymph

The epidermis is comprises of five layers, extending  from the inside  to the exterior;

• Stratum germinativum (basal layer)
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum lucidumand stratum corneum
• Stratumcorneum is the most outer layer of epidermis and posses a thickness of  around 10-20 μm in dry state and 40 μm in hydrated form and becomes swollen1.

b. Dermis: The dermis is found beneath the epidermis and is made up of a lot of elastin fibers that allow the skin to stretch and a lot of collagen that gives it strength. The dermis is important for temperature regulation. Pressure and discomfort sensations are caused by the presence of nerves in this area1. Collagen fibers bond to water and provide suppleness to the skin, but as this ability deteriorates with age, wrinkles appear7.

Sorts of cells found in dermis layer are:

• Fibroblasts: These are the collagen creating cells
• Macrophages: Too calledas forager cells
• Pole cells: They are cause the immunological reactions and interacts with eosinophils1.

3. Hypodermis: Hypodermis is the inward most layer of skin. Sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles tends to be found in epidermis but they stem from dermis1.

H. Capacities Of Skin

1. Protection: Langerhans cells are a part of the adaptive immune system and serves as a obstacle between the inner and outer environment, protecting the body from numerous microorganisms and harm .
2. Sensation: The somatosensory system and haptics refer to a group of nerve endings that respond to heat and cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury.
3. Heat Regulation: Skin has a far larger blood supply than it requires, control of energy loss through radiation, convection, and conduction. Dilated blood vessels improve perfusion and heat loss, whereas constricted blood vessels decrease cutaneous blood supply and help to keep heat in the body.

I. History

The name “orange” was given to the color in the 16th century — it was called “saffron” or “yellow-red” previously. When Portuguese merchants brought orange trees to Europe from Asia within  the late 15th and early 16th centuries, the citrus fruit's name was adopted for the common color. There are over 600 different types of oranges grown across the world. About 85% of all oranges are used to produce juice. There are normally only 10 segments inside an orange.The orange originated in a region encompassing Southern China, Northeast India, and Myanmar; the earliest mention of the sweet orange was in Chinese literature in 314 BC. As of 1987, orange trees were found to be the most often cultivated fruit tree in the world.History of vitamin C

In any case  1747 it was the British naval doctor James Lind who affirmed in a controlled test that citrus fruits could prevent scurvy. In the experiment, Lind grouped twelve sailors with a similar severity of scurvy into pairs and treated each pair differently.

J. Morphology

The name “orange” was given to the color in the 16th century — it was called “saffron” or “yellow-red” previously. When Portuguese merchants brought orange trees to Europe from Asia in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, the citrus fruit's name was received for the common color.The flowering phase. This phase corresponds to the spring when all the trees are filled with flowers and invade nature with their aroma. ......

The collection stage.The orange originated in a region encompassing Southern China, Northeast India, and Myanmar; the earliest mention of the sweet orange was in Chinese literature in 314 BC. As of 1987, orange trees were found to be the most often cultivated fruit tree in the world.The fruit is a modified berry known as a hesperidium, and the flesh is divided into segments called carpels. The usual shape of the sweet-orange fruit is round and the colour of its pulp orange, but there are variations. The mandarin, for example, is distinctly flattened, and the blood orange has red pulp.

K. Habitat

Oranges are believed to be native to the tropical regions of Asia, especially the Malay Archipelago; along with other citrus species, they have been cultivated from remote ages.

Orange trees prefer growing in tropical climates with intermediate, well-drained soil. Today, 80% of the world's oranges are produced in Brazil and Florida. In North America, oranges are also commonly grown in Arizona, Texas, and California.

L. Taxonomical Classification

Class: Magnoliopsida.

Order: Sapindales.

Family: Rutaceae.

II. PLAN OF WORK

1. Phase1

• Plant collection
• Preparation of plant extracts
• Selection of instruments

2. Phase3

• Selection of exicipients

• Formulation of cream

3. Phase4

• Evaluation of cream
• Thesis writing

III. AIM AND OBJECTIVE

A. Aim

To formulate and evaluate the hyperpigmention cream containing vitamic- c (ascorbic acid)

B. Objective

1. Formulation of vitamin c cream in such way that it works with its highest potential to reduce hyperpigmention and other skin issues
2. To improve patient outcomes
3. To understsand the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of various disease

IV. LITERATURE REVIEW

Formulation And Assessment  Of Multifunction Common Utilize Cream

Shipra Singh1*, Harshita Jain2, Parul Vyas3, Nitin Nama4

2 .Vitamin C: sources, capacities,detecting and examination.

Sudha J Devaki, Reshma Lali Raveendran

Vitamin C, 2017

Vitamin C could be  a water-soluble compound found in living beings. It is an basic nutrient for different digestionsystem in our body conjointly serves as a reagent for the planning of numerous  materials within  the pharmaceutical and nourishment industry. In this point of view, this chapter can create intrigued and intrest among all practicing researcher and technologists by elucidating the point of interest of its sources, chemistry, multifunctional properties and applications.

3.AK Mohiuddin et al (2009) in survey article “Skin care cream: definition and use” considered that Skin care give nearly any conceivable kind of vehicles, counting  emulsifiers, surfactants, oils and butters, waxes, and hydrophilic arrangements. These substances combine the properties of sedate conveyance to the skin, ordinary of vehicles, with the capacity to deliver particular activities on the skin, such as occlusive, moisturizing, smoothing, firming, alleviating, and conditioning impacts. This term “Cosmetics” shows restorative pharmaceutical half breeds pointed at improving the excellences of the skin by implies of fixing that adjust skin usefuiness or give extra health-related work or advantages. As well as giving excellence to a individualby means of  the skin, the restorative industry has presently unequivocally connected its items medicinally to the subject of antiaging of the skin. The industry has also coined such terms as actives, cosmeceuticals, nutricosmetics, etc., and the enactment related with cosmetology and dermatology has ended up comparable.

4.Srivastava Anchal et al(2010) in audit article     “Cream: A topical sedate conveyance framework (TTDS)” considered that the cream is the topical pharmaceutical arrangement  which is utilized for the treatment or remedy of the different sort topical or skin related issue e.g. – psoriasis. it is most favored as compared to the other routine framework for treatment. It has a few points of interest counting ease of application, less chances of side impacts, non-invasive prepare, and higher persistent  compliance.

5.Chauhan Lalita et al (2011) in audit  article “Creams: A audit  on classification, arrangement strategies,assessment and its application” considered that Creams are semisolid details broadly satisfactory by the society. The skin is the foremost available portion of the body and as such is additionslly exceedingly helpless to wounds.

In case of cuts, burns and wounds, topical details  such as creams are the foremost favored for treatment. Inquire about  and advancement  for the dealing of pharmaceutical creams for wound mending reason  has grown in later decades owing to its self –evident  benefits. With the advance within the pharmaceutical field and industry, it is guaranteed that pharmaceutical creams will still be an curiously and engaging zone  of investigate  for a long time  to come. More progressed innovations and strategies  will be utilized for planning, detailing  and assessment of creams in coming

6.Cosmeceutical vitamins: vitamin C Patricia K Farris Cosmeceuticals, 3rd ed. Draelos ZD, editor, 37-42, 2014

7. Vitamin C, grape seed extricate  and citrus bioflavonoids secure  the skin against photoaging: a reviewBrett J West, Shixin Deng, Afa Kehaati Palu

Diary of Biosciences and Medications 8 (12), 116, 2020

The skin may be  a major defensive  organ of the body. It is always uncovered  to the environment and is exceptionally strong . But presentation  to ultraviolet (UV) beams from the sun results within the generation  of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ensuing fiery reactions  that can overpower the natural defensive instruments of the skin

V. DRUGS AND EXIPIENTS

A. Plant Collection

New natural product of  citrus sinensis was collected . peels were altogether  wash in distlled water and dried legitimately in shed. The dried peels were finely pounded utilizing  electrical processor and put away in a discuss tight holder for advance use

Assessment

1 .Physical assessment

Within the physical assessment different parameters was watched and observed. These parameters

are colour, smell, surface and state.

2.Wash Capacity

A little sum of arranged cream is connected to the upper surface of the hand, and after the

cream has been connected, it is washed with tapcream has been applied, it is washed with tap water to see if the cream is washable or not.

 3.Phase Partition

To check the stage division cream was put away in a fixed holder. It ought to be kept absent

from the sun. At that point, for 30 days, stage division was observed for 24 hours. Any alter or

stage partition is checked and reported.

4.Irritancy Test

On the dorsal surface of the cleared out hand, a 1 cm2 zone is checked. At that point cream was: connected to theskin's s…

6 .Test for microbial development:

- Agar media was arranged at that point the defined cream was immunized on the

plate's agar media by steak plate strategy and a controlled is ready by overlooking the cream.

: The plateswere put within the hatchery and are brooded in 37 C for 24 hours. After the brooding period, theplates were taken out and the microbial development were checked and compared with the control.

7. Color test:

The red ruddy color is blended with the cream. Put a drop of the cream on a minuscule slide

at that point covers it with a cover slip, and analyzes it beneath a magnifying: instrument. In the event that the scatter globules show up ruddy theground colorless.

Conclusion

Common cures are more worthy within the conviction that they are more secure with less side impacts than the engineered ones .Home grown formulations have developing request within the world advertise. Home grown confront packs are considered as maintaining andbeneficial way to progress the appearance of skin. Home grown confront packs or veils are utilized to fortify bloodcirculation, rejuvenates those muscles and offer assistance to preserve the elasticity of the skin and remove dirt from skin pores. In this way, within the display work, it may be a exceptionally great endeavor to define the home grown confront pack containing actually accessiblefixings like neem, almond. It is proposed that the arranged definition was physico-chemically andmicrobiologically steady, and had characteristics of a standard cosmeceutical\'s definition for skincare.

References

[1] Ashni V, Sukhdev S, Rupinder K, Upendra J.; Topical gels as Drug delivery system: A review; Pharmaceutical sciences review and research; Nov-Dec 2013; 23(2): 374-382. [2] Jamshiya Sahmsu; Formulation and evaluation of herbal skin cream for wound healing; 2011 [3] Pratiksha R, Adarsh P, Sujit D; Pharmaceutical creams and their use in wound healing: A review; Journal of drug delivery and therapeutics; 2019; 9(3-5): 907-912. Jamshiya Sahmsu; Formulation and evaluation of herbal skin cream for wound healing; 2017 [4] [9:15 pm, 6/5/2024] Bph Samiksha Jadhav: Anchal S, Swarnima P, Arpita S, Siddique A , Nitish P; Creams: A topical drug delivery system(TDDS); Europen journal of pharmaceutical and medical research; 2021; 8(1): 340-342. [5] Jean-Paul O and Donald B; Latest Insight into Skin Hyperpigmentation; Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceeding; 2008; 13,10-14. [6] Cosmeceutical vitamins: vitamin C Patricia K Farris Cosmeceuticals, 3rd ed. Draelos ZD, editor, 37-42, 2014 [7] Vitamin C, grape seed extract and citrus bioflavonoids protect the skin against photoaging: a reviewBrett J West, Shixin Deng, Afa Kehaati Palu [8] Jean-Paul O and Donald B; Latest Insight into Skin Hyperpigmentation; Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceeding; 2008; 13,10-14. [9] Prity R, Sunil K, Dinesh K and Savita Y.; Skin Hyperpigmentation and its treatment with herbs: on alternative method; (2017) 7: 132 . Sandra B, Christine D and Francois B; Clinical and Biological Characterization of Skin Pigmentation Diversity and Its Consequences on UV Impact; Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2668: 2-44. [10] Ashish D, Amit U, Naveen S, Ravish S et al.; Optimization of formulation and process parameter and product evaluation of Galatomannan- Borate complex based cream; Research journal of pharmaceutical dosage form and technology; 2009; 1(3): 229-232. [11] Vani M, Mounika K, Vamsi T, Praneetha K, et al.; Formulation phytochemical, physical, biological evaluation of polyherbal vanishing cream and face wash; Research journal of pharmaceutical dosage form and technology; 2020; 12(3): 139-149. [12] Shikha A, Yogesh S.; Formulation and evaluation of herbal cream containing extract of Ziziphus jujube leaves for analgesic potential; Research journal of pharmaceutical dosage forms and technology; 2012; 4(6): 320-323. Plensdorf Scott MD, Livieratos Maria MD, Dada Nabil MD; Pigmentation Disorders : Diagnosis and Management; American Family Physician; 2017; 96(12): 797-803 .

Copyright

Copyright © 2024 Rupali Hiwale, Prachi Jadhav, Samiksha Jadhav, Vishwa Gaike, Sabahat Khanum, Dr. Yuvraj Girbane. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.