GC-MS Analysis of Extracted Essential Oil of Piper betle L.

Abstract

The Piper betle L. plant leaves contain aroma. A strong sense of aromatic constituents determines the enrichment of an essential oil components to be present in a plant part. The extracted oil by hydro-distillation method was analyzed through GC-MS method. A total 19 volatile components qualitatively and quantitatively by GC-MS. The research experiment of detecting components is observed to be effective to utilize in the food and cosmetic industry in the field of research and development aspects. The presence of compounds shows the phytochemical foundation for the use of extracted oil in the field of applied food industry and cosmetic industry. The research successfully concludes on identifying the components effective for the applications for a wide range of research experiments.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

The presence of aromatic or volatile compounds in the plant leaves plays a vital role in biotic and abiotic factors interactions of the plant.  These volatile compounds are also known to be an essential oil or ethereal oil. Unlike fatty acids which is composition of a mixture of various non-volatile components, the essential oil lead in helping the plant to perform various functions such as protection from pathogens, insects, attracting of pollinating agents, reduction in transpiration losses etc. Thus a concentrated scent or aroma produced by the plant leads the essence of the plant functional aspects relating to its ability of containing essential substance.

The living plant materials producing the essential component is of a direct biological origin. Research have shown the use of Piper betle L. in traditional medicine (Vandana D., Shalini T., 2014) practice. Hence once extracted can be easily utilized for the beneficial use in various fields as per the requirements and the methodologies. Researchers have defined essential oil to be an oily or volatile liquid which is harvested from the aromatic part of the plant. However, there are innumerable cultivars of Piper betle plant of which 12 cultivars (Laskhmi A., K.G.A. Kumaratunga & Kalyani D., 2004) are itself found in Sri Lanka. The plant has found to be known as a ‘green medicine’ (D. Pradhan., Dr. K. A. Suri et al., 2013) based upon the efficacy of its applications.   The product is obtained by a steam distillation or by a hydro-distillation technique.

These volatile compounds are persistent in an odour for a longer period of time. Due to its prior beneficial applications in various sectors especially cosmetics sectors a wide use of an essential oil is of great demand in the market. While research studies on the volatile components have also shown as eugenol (A.K. S. Rawat, R.D. Tripathi et. al., 1989) and acetyl-eugenol (Bhanu P., Ravi S., et.al., 2010) as major component found in Piper betle leaves amongst many cultivars. The use of raw plant leaves turned into an effective product by extraction of essential oil makes uplifts the applications for the plant to be in demand for fulfillment of required desired products.

A Piper betle L. is a perennial root climber belonging to a family Piperaceae (Guenther 1952), The plant is known by different names in different countries. While in India it is known commonly known in different names to as per the local’s language; such as Nagavalli, Nagarvel, Saptaseera, Paan, Gillauri, Kasar etc. Due to its vast consumption rate worldwide it is a demanded plant for its leaves which are consumed after lunch or dinner and many times in religious occasions etc. The edible leaves have nutritional benefits along-with an enrichment of vitamins in it. The plant leaves rich in aroma holds a great beneficial aspect of essential components. Though India holds a large domain in production of raw leaves in the market the extraction and use of an essential oil ponders an important aspect for the research and development.

The current research experiment is completed to study presence of volatile components in the betle leaves through GC-MS. The extracted oil contains effective proportion of the components.

II. MATERIAL AND METHOD

The extracted oil by a hydro-distillation method was dissolved in ethanol and the sample was tested for GS-MS

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The result of peaks generated by GC-MS is presented in Figure 1.1 and the listed components created through the standard library is presented in Figure1.2

The description of the application of the components from the generated qualitatively and quantitatively in the essential oil of Piper betle L. is given below in Table 1.1

Table: 1.1

The peaks observed in Figure:8 and Figure: 9 with the description in a Table :18 presents the highest % of area covered to be of 32.91% for the component Phenol, 2-methoxy-3-(2-propenyl)- Which has the properties of 

• Flavoring agent
• Perfumes
• essential oils products
• antiseptic
• anti-inflammatory
• anesthetic

While the 2nd highest % area of peak observed to be of 20.30% for the component 1,6-Cyclodecadiene [germacrene] which has the properties

• Flavoring agent
• Anti-microbial

Conclusion

The results of GC-MS represent more or less the total number of components enriched in the functional food properties and the nutraceutical aspect uplifting the efficacy of use of Piper betle L. extracted oil for an allied application of foods, cosmetics and microbial industries.

References

[1] A.K. S. Rawat R.D. Tripathi et. al. (1989). Essential Component as Markers for Identification of Piper betle L. cultivars. Journal of Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 17(1)35-38. [2] Bhanu P., Ravi S., et.al. (2010). Efficacy of Chemically Characterized Piper betle L. Essential Oil against Fungal and Aflatoxin Contamination of Some Edible Commodities and Its Anti-Oxidant Activity. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 142(1-2):114-119. [3] D. Pradhan., Dr. K. A. Suri et al. (2013). Golden Heart of Nature: Piper betle L. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. ISSN: 2278-4136. 1(6):147-167. [4] Laskhmi A., K.G.A. Kumaratunga & Kalyani D. (2005). Studies of Piper betle of Sri Lanka. Journal of National Science Foundation Sri Lanka. 33(2): 133-139. [5] Vandana D. & Shalini T. (2014). Review Study on Potential Activity of Piper betle. Department of Pharmacy, Rameshwaram. Institute of Technology. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. E ISSN: 2278-4136. 3(4):93-98.

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Dr. Urmila Sarkar, Sensei Surendra Sawardekar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.