Humanitarian Concerns in Conflict Zones: Case Study of Gaza Strip and West Bank

Abstract

In conflict areas, humanitarian issues present complex problems with far-reaching effects on the communities involved. Investigating the humanitarian dynamics, this researcher uses case studies of Gaza and the West Bank to understand the socio-political, historical, and economic aspects. After highlighting the need to address humanitarian concerns in conflict areas, the study digs into the particular situation of Gaza and the West Bank. The research attempts to provide a comprehensive picture of the impact on the civilian population by examining the issues faced by individuals, ranging from economic hardships to access to key services. The report uses a case study methodology to underscore the necessity of improving humanitarian efforts in conflict areas by providing crucial insights and illuminating the local context.

Introduction

RATIONALE

With a particular emphasis on the case studies of Gaza and the West Bank, the research paper seeks to address the urgent humanitarian challenges in conflict zones. The report aims to shed light on the complex nature of humanitarian crises in prolonged conflicts by exploring the difficulties that people in these places experience. It attempts to provide a detailed picture of the impact on the civilian population by a thorough investigation of the socio-political dynamics, economic challenges, and access to critical services. A more educated discussion on the function of foreign interventions and viable avenues for reducing suffering in such complicated situations is made possible by the case study approach's ability to provide a thorough analysis of the local context. In the end, the study hopes to provide insightful information to the larger conversation on humanitarian operations in war areas and promote a better understanding of the complex problems that the people of Gaza and the West Bank face.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

1. Analyse current humanitarian conditions in Gaza and West Bank.
2. Assess the impact on vulnerable populations, including children and refugees.
3. Evaluate the effectiveness of international aid in conflict zones.
4. Propose sustainable solutions for improving conditions.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. How does conflict impact living conditions in Gaza and the West Bank?
2. What challenges do humanitarian organisations face in providing aid in these conflict zones?
3. To what extent do geopolitical factors affect humanitarian efforts in Gaza and the West Bank?
4. What are the consequences of conflict on vulnerable groups in the region?
5. How can the international community enhance humanitarian interventions in Gaza and the West Bank.

I. INTRODUCTION

The intertwining of humanitarian concerns and conflict zones has garnered global attention, prompting extensive research. This assignment delves into the intricate dynamics, focusing on the humanitarian challenges in Gaza and the West Bank, regions marred by longstanding political disputes. These areas epitomise the complex landscape were human welfare grapples with conflict exigencies. An in-depth examination of historical contexts, socio-political structures, and conflict impacts unravels layers of humanitarian concerns. Using a case study approach, we aim to comprehend challenges and spotlight potential avenues for mitigating human suffering in conflict-ridden environments. Navigating the delicate balance between political imperatives and the imperative to protect human dignity, this exploration contributes insights to the discourse on humanitarianism in conflict zones.

II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE CONFLICT

The Israel-Palestine conflict has deep historical roots, stemming from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It involves competing nationalisms and claims to the same territory. Up until the 1900s historic Palestine a religiously diverse country was a part of Ottoman Empire where Muslims, Christians, and Jews lived alongside each other. However, the introduction of the Zionist movement by Theodore Herzl aimed to establish an independent Jewish state in the Middle East, particularly on Palestinian land. the movement begins to take hold as the first wave of European Jews start to migrate to Palestine by the end of World War I the Ottoman Empire collapses and Palestine falls under British rule, The Balfour Declaration in 1917 expressed British support for a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, leading to increased Jewish immigration.

After World War II, the United Nations proposed a partition plan in 1947, dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem as an international city. The Jewish leadership accepted the plan, but neighbouring Arab states  rejected to the land takeover, , resulting in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War in which israel was victorious resulting occupying 78 Percent of historic palestine including the west Jerusalem seven hundred thousand Palestinians become refugees as a result and the day is remember as  “Al  Nakba “ “ the catastrophe”. Israel declared independence, and neighbouring Arab states intervened, leading to displacement and ongoing tensions. The Arab Israeli conflicts, notably the 1948 War and the 1967 Six-Day War, resulted in Israel gaining control over significant territories, including the West Bank and Gaza. This led to the displacement of Palestinians and the creation of complex geopolitical challenges. The Oslo Accords in the 1990s attempted to address the situation by dividing the West Bank into areas with various levels of Palestinian and Israeli control. However, the failure of subsequent peace talks, coupled with the Second Intifada in 2000, further exacerbated the humanitarian crisis.

The construction of separation walls, checkpoints, and Israeli settlements in the West Bank intensified restrictions on Palestinian movement and contributed to economic hardships. The blockade imposed on Gaza in 2007 heightened humanitarian concerns, severely limiting access to essential resources, including food, water, and medical supplies.

The historical background of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict underscores the urgency of addressing humanitarian concerns in Gaza and the West Bank. The ongoing struggle continues to impact the lives of civilians, creating a pressing need for international attention and concerted efforts to find a just and lasting resolution.

III. HUMANITARIAN CONCERNS

A. Access to Basic Needs

Food insecurity in Gaza and the West Bank has reached alarming levels, exacerbated by the enduring conflict. The blockade on Gaza and restrictions in the West Bank have created a dire situation where a significant percentage of the population faces persistent food shortages. The limited access to agricultural lands, markets, and fishing zones compounds the challenge, disrupting the entire food supply chain. Families find it increasingly difficult to secure an adequate and nutritious diet, leading to malnutrition and related health issues. The World Food Programme and other humanitarian organizations are actively working to address these concerns, but the ongoing conflict presents formidable obstacles. According to the World Food Programme (WFP), over half of Gaza's population is food insecure, struggling to access essential nutrition. Access to basic needs in Gaza and the West Bank has been severely impacted due to the prolonged conflict in the region. The conflict has resulted in significant challenges related to food, water, healthcare, and education. In Gaza, the blockade imposed by Israel has restricted the movement of goods and people, exacerbating the humanitarian crisis. For instance, access to clean water is a critical issue. The Coastal Municipalities Water Utility reported that 97% of Gaza's water supply is unfit for human consumption. This has led to an increase in waterborne diseases, affecting the overall health of the population. The healthcare system in Gaza faces immense challenges, with shortages of medical supplies and equipment. During the 2021 conflict, several healthcare facilities were damaged, limiting the already strained capacity to provide essential medical services. Patients, including those in critical conditions, struggled to access proper medical care.

Education in Gaza has also been severely disrupted. Schools have been damaged or used as shelters during conflicts, disrupting the learning process for thousands of children. The lack of proper educational facilities and resources hinders the long-term development of the younger generation.

Moving to the West Bank, the construction of Israeli settlements and the separation barrier have led to displacement and restricted access to agricultural land and water resources for Palestinian communities. This has a direct impact on livelihoods and food security. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) reports cases where farmers face difficulties reaching their lands due to restrictions on movement.

Furthermore, checkpoints and road closures in the West Bank impede the timely access of individuals to healthcare facilities. Ambulances and medical personnel often face delays at checkpoints, impacting the chances of timely medical intervention.

IV. IMPACT OF CONFLICT ON INFRASTRUCTURE IN GAZA AND WEST BANK

The prolonged and complex conflict in the Gaza Strip and West Bank has had severe repercussions on essential infrastructure, significantly affecting education, healthcare, and other vital sectors.

1. Destruction of Educational Facilities: The conflict has led to the destruction of numerous schools, universities, and educational institutions. Bombardments and military actions have left buildings in ruins, rendering them unsafe and unusable for educational purposes. This destruction not only disrupts the learning environment but also undermines the social fabric of communities closely tied to their educational institutions.
2. Disruption of Academic Calendar: Continuous hostilities have disrupted the academic calendar, with schools frequently forced to close for extended periods due to safety concerns. The irregularity of classes and the unpredictability of the situation create a challenging environment for both students and educators, hindering the continuity and quality of education.
3. Limited Access to Education: Ongoing violence restricts access to education for many students. Fear of violence and the destruction of transportation infrastructure make it difficult for students to attend schools and universities regularly. This limitation on access to education perpetuates a cycle of disadvantage, particularly affecting vulnerable populations and hindering social mobility.
4. Impact on Teaching Staff: Educators face immense challenges in providing quality education amidst the conflict. The destruction of educational facilities, coupled with the displacement of teachers, results in a shortage of qualified staff. This not only affects the delivery of education but also places an additional burden on those educators who remain, dealing with trauma and disrupted work environments.
5. Psychological Impact on Students: Children and young adults in Gaza and West Bank experience profound psychological trauma due to the conflict. The destruction of schools and the constant threat of violence create a hostile learning environment, negatively impacting students’ mental health and well-being. Addressing these psychological challenges is crucial for the long-term development and resilience of the affected population.
6. Rebuilding and Rehabilitation Efforts: Efforts to rebuild and rehabilitate educational infrastructure must be comprehensive and address both immediate needs and long-term sustainability. Reconstruction plans should consider not only the physical structures but also the psychological support required for students and educators. International collaboration and aid are crucial in facilitating the recovery of education in the region.

V. HEALTHCARE INFRASTRUCTURE

1. Destruction of Healthcare Facilities: Hospitals and clinics in Gaza and the West Bank have suffered extensive damage due to military actions and ongoing hostilities. Bombardments and attacks have left medical facilities in ruins, disrupting the healthcare system, and limiting access to essential services. The destruction of healthcare infrastructure has immediate consequences for emergency medical care and long-term implications for public health.
2. Strain on Healthcare System: The damage to healthcare facilities exacerbates the strain on an already fragile healthcare system. With limited capacity and resources, the ability to provide adequate medical care is severely compromised. Patients face challenges in accessing necessary treatments, surgeries, and medications, leading to an escalation of health issues and complications.
3. Disruption of Medical Supplies and Equipment: The conflict has disrupted the supply chain of medical resources, including essential supplies, medications, and life-saving equipment. Limited access to these critical resources poses a significant challenge for healthcare professionals, impacting their ability to provide quality care. The scarcity of medical supplies further jeopardizes the well-being of the population.
4. Shortage of Trained Healthcare Professionals: The ongoing conflict has led to the displacement of healthcare professionals, exacerbating an existing shortage of trained medical staff. The loss of skilled personnel not only affects the immediate response to medical emergencies but also hampers the overall functioning of the healthcare system. This shortage of personnel contributes to an increased workload on those who remain, affecting their mental health and well-being.
5. Impact on Public Health: The destruction of healthcare infrastructure and the disruption of services have severe consequences for public health in Gaza and the West Bank. The compromised ability to oversee infectious diseases, maternal care, and chronic conditions puts the population at greater risk. The lack of access to preventive healthcare measures further contributes to the deterioration of public health indicators.
6. Urgent Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Needs: Efforts to rehabilitate and reconstruct healthcare infrastructure must be prioritized to address the immediate and long-term healthcare needs of the population. Reconstruction plans should include rebuilding damaged facilities, replenishing medical supplies, and training healthcare professionals. International support is crucial in ensuring the success of these efforts and the restoration of a functional healthcare system.

VI. DISPLACEMENT AND REFUGEE ISSUES

The displacement and refugee issues in the West Bank and Gaza trace their roots back to the Arab Israeli conflict and subsequent wars. The 1948 Arab Israeli War, also known as the Nakba, led to a significant Palestinian exodus, creating a large population of refugees.

A. Major Events

1. 1948 Nakba and the Creation of Palestinian Refugees

• Date: 1948
• Event: The Arab Israeli War, also known as the Nakba, resulted in the displacement of an  estimated 700,000 Palestinians, creating a significant refugee population.
• Impact: This event marked the beginning of the Palestinian refugee crisis, as families fled or were expelled from their homes during the war.

2. 1967 Six-Day War and the Occupation

• Date: June 1967
• Event: The Six-Day War led to the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
• Impact: The occupation contributed to further displacement as Israeli settlements expanded, altering the demographic landscape, and triggering the movement of Palestinian communities.

3. First Intifada (1987-1993)

• Date: December 1987 – September 1993
• Event: The First Intifada, a popular uprising against Israeli rule, saw widespread protests and civil disobedience.
• Impact: While not directly leading to mass displacement, the Intifada highlighted the socio-political tensions in the region, setting the stage for future conflicts.

4. 1993 Oslo Accords

• Date: September 1993
• Event: The Oslo Accords marked the first attempt at a peace process between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
• Impact: While intended to address political issues, the accords did not provide a comprehensive solution to the refugee problem.

5. Second Intifada (2000-2005)

• Date: September 2000 – February 2005
• Event: The Second Intifada was characterized by increased violence and armed conflict.
• Impact: The intensified conflict led to widespread displacement, destruction, and a surge in the number of Palestinian refugees.

6. Gaza Disengagement (2005)

• Date: August 2005
• Event: Israel unilaterally withdrew its settlers and military from the Gaza Strip.
• Impact: While settlements were dismantled, the move did not address broader displacement issues and left Gaza under a blockade.

7. Operation Cast Lead (2008-2009)

• Date: December 2008 – January 2009
• Event: A major Israeli military offensive in Gaza.
• Impact: The conflict resulted in significant displacement, destruction of infrastructure, and a spike in the number of refugees seeking shelter.

8. Current Situation (2022)

• Number of Refugees: According to UNRWA, there are over five million registered Palestinian refugees, including those in the West Bank and Gaza, neighbouring countries, and refugee camps.

B. Current Displacement Factors

1. Conflict and Occupation: The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, an enduring source of displacement, manifests through military actions, settlements, and security measures. The continuous occupation contributes to the displacement of Palestinian communities, disrupting lives and instigating a cycle of forced migration. Military interventions and security measures exacerbate the already complex scenario, making it challenging for communities to maintain stability and normalcy.
2. Settlement Expansion: The expansion of Israeli settlements in the West Bank significantly compounds the displacement crisis. As settlements encroach upon Palestinian territories, families experience the loss of homes, land, and livelihoods. This expansion not only alters the geographical landscape but also disrupts the social fabric, leading to the uprooting of established communities. The policy of settlement expansion remains a contentious issue, with profound implications for the well-being and stability of the affected Palestinian population.
3. Infrastructure and Access Restrictions: Stringent controls on movement, exemplified by checkpoints and the separation barrier, create a challenging environment for Palestinians. These restrictions impede daily life, limiting access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. The imposition of physical barriers forces many to contemplate relocation as a coping strategy. The infrastructure and access limitations exacerbate the hardships faced by Palestinian communities, amplifying the multifaceted impact of displacement on individuals, families, and the broader society.

C. Refugee Challenges

1. Overcrowded Camps: Established post-Nakba, refugee camps face persistent challenges of overcrowding, substandard infrastructure, and harsh living conditions. The influx of displaced populations, coupled with limited resources, intensifies these hardships, creating an environment where basic needs often go unmet. Overcrowded camps become microcosms of vulnerability, with inadequate facilities for sanitation, healthcare, and education, amplifying the hardships faced by residents.
2. Limited Socioeconomic Opportunities: Palestinian refugees encounter substantial barriers to socio-economic development, including restricted access to employment and education. These limitations hinder their ability to break free from the cycle of poverty, perpetuating an ongoing struggle for economic stability. The denial of opportunities for skill development and employment exacerbates the challenges faced by refugees, hindering their potential for self-reliance and sustainable livelihoods.
3. Humanitarian Crisis: Periodic humanitarian crises, heightened by conflict, restrictions, and geopolitical tensions, further compound the well-being of displaced populations. The cyclical nature of crises poses significant challenges for effective relief efforts, creating a precarious environment where the most vulnerable suffer disproportionately. Addressing the humanitarian crisis requires sustained international attention, cooperation, and comprehensive strategies to mitigate the impact of these crises on the displaced populations in the region.

VII. INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE

The international response to the humanitarian concerns in Gaza and the West Bank has been multifaceted. Various countries and organizations have provided both financial aid and diplomatic efforts to address the ongoing challenges in the region. However, achieving a comprehensive and lasting solution remains elusive due to the complex geopolitical dynamics.

A. United Nations (UN)

The UN has played a significant role in addressing humanitarian concerns in the West Bank and Gaza. Various UN agencies, such as UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East), have been involved in aiding, including education, health care, and social services to Palestinian refugees.

B. Humanitarian Organizations

Numerous international humanitarian organizations, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), have been active in the region. They focus on providing medical care, food aid, and other essential services to the affected population.

C. Donor Countries

Several countries contribute funds and resources to support humanitarian efforts. The European Union, the United States, and Arab nations are among the key contributors. Donor countries often channel their aid through bilateral agreements or international organizations.

VIII. AID EFFORTS

A. Emergency Relief

Humanitarian aid often includes emergency relief efforts such as food and water distribution, medical assistance, and shelter provision, particularly in times of conflict or crisis.

B. Development Assistance

Beyond immediate relief, there are long-term development projects aimed at improving infrastructure, healthcare, and education in the West Bank and Gaza. These initiatives aim to enhance the overall well-being of the population.

C. Reconstruction

Given the region’s history of conflict, reconstruction efforts have been vital. These efforts involve rebuilding infrastructure and homes damaged or destroyed during conflicts.

IX. UN RESOLUTIONS

1. UN Resolution 242 (1967): This resolution calls for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from territories occupied during the Six-Day War in 1967 and emphasizes the need for a just and lasting peace in the region.
2. UN Resolution 338 (1973): Following the Yom Kippur War, this resolution calls for an immediate ceasefire and negotiations between the parties concerned to achieve a just and lasting peace.
3. UN Resolution 194 (1948): This resolution addresses the issue of Palestinian refugees and emphasizes their right to return to their homes and receive compensation for those who choose not to return.

X. RECOMMENDATION

In the face of the complex humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the West Bank, a set of comprehensive and well-targeted recommendations is crucial to address immediate needs and foster long-term stability. The following recommendations aim to provide a multifaceted approach to mitigating the humanitarian concerns in these conflict zones.

1. Immediate Humanitarian Aid and Access: It is imperative to facilitate unimpeded access for humanitarian organizations to deliver immediate aid to affected populations. International actors, including the United Nations and non-governmental organizations, should collaborate to ensure the timely and safe distribution of food, clean water, and medical supplies. Urgent attention must be given to the most vulnerable, such as children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions.
2. Infrastructure Rehabilitation: The widespread damage to infrastructure, including housing, schools, and healthcare facilities, demands urgent rehabilitation efforts. The international community should invest in rebuilding essential infrastructure to improve living conditions and enable the return of displaced populations. Infrastructure projects should prioritize sustainability and resilience against future conflicts.
3. Education and Child Welfare Programs: Supporting education initiatives is crucial for the long-term stability of the region. Donors and aid agencies should focus on rebuilding and improving educational facilities, providing psychosocial support for children affected by conflict trauma, and ensuring access to quality education. This investment in human capital is vital for the future prosperity and resilience of the communities.
4. Protecting Civilians and Humanitarian Workers: Security measures should be enhanced to protect civilians and humanitarian workers. International actors, including peacekeeping forces and diplomatic entities, should work collaboratively to establish safe zones and ensure the safety of aid workers. Robust mechanisms for reporting and investigating human rights violations should be established to hold accountable those responsible for endangering civilians.
5. Diplomatic Solutions and Conflict Resolution: The international community must redouble diplomatic efforts to facilitate a just and lasting resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Engaging in dialogue, promoting confidence-building measures, and supporting peace negotiations are crucial steps. The involvement of regional and global actors, along with adherence to international law, is essential for achieving sustainable peace in the region.
6. Sustainable Development Initiatives: Long-term stability necessitates sustainable development initiatives that address economic, social, and environmental challenges. Investment in job creation, vocational training, and economic diversification can contribute to rebuilding communities and reducing dependency on humanitarian aid. Sustainable development goals should be integrated into reconstruction efforts to ensure a comprehensive approach.
7. Coordination and Collaboration: Enhancing coordination among international organizations, donor countries, and local authorities is paramount. The creation of a collaborative framework can streamline efforts, avoid duplication, and maximize the impact of humanitarian assistance. Regular communication and information-sharing platforms should be established to facilitate efficient responses to emerging challenges.
8. Community Engagement and Empowerment: Engaging local communities in decision-making processes and empowering them to take an active role in their own recovery is crucial. Community-led initiatives, participatory planning, and inclusive governance structures can contribute to building resilience and fostering a sense of ownership in the recovery process.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the examination of humanitarian concerns in conflict zones, focusing on Gaza and the West Bank, emphasizes the need for comprehensive solutions. The research reveals challenges faced by civilians, such as economic stagnation in Gaza and land annexation in the West Bank. Frequent hostilities worsen situations, causing displacement and trauma. The study underscores the vital role of international humanitarian aid but emphasizes the need for an inclusive approach. Diplomatic efforts and adherence to international law are crucial to address root causes. The case study stresses the human cost of prolonged conflicts and urges a comprehensive approach to peace. Recognizing a collective commitment, lessons from Gaza and the West Bank should guide global efforts to prevent civilian suffering in future conflicts.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2024 Syed Hasan Abidi , Jyotika Teckchandani. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.