Classifications of Idiomatic Expressions and Their Translation into the Uzbek Language

Abstract

This paper deals with idioms in a broad sense. In other words, proverbs and sayings also fall into the category of phrases under consideration. In the future, the work will use the concept of \"idiomatic expressions\". Idiom (phraseological unit) is an important expressive means of language. An idiom is a stable expression with a meaning in its own right. For the most part, idioms are created by the people, and therefore are closely related to the interests and daily activities of ordinary people.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Due to the fact that idiomatic expressions very clearly reflect the national character of the people, familiarization with them will benefit everyone who learns the language. The fact that exposure to a foreign culture greatly contributes to language learning is undeniable. In addition, knowledge of the meanings of idioms and the ability to use them correctly is practically necessary in colloquial speech. Indeed, it is in colloquial speech that they are mostly used.

Idiomatic expressions reflect ideas related to work, life and culture of people. They fully reveal the national specificity of the language, its originality. Thus, the main purpose of idioms is to give speech a special expressiveness, unique originality, accuracy and imagery.

The regional value of idiomatic expressions lies in the undeniable reliability of their content. Analyzing them, you can trace the history of the country, partially get acquainted with its customs and traditions, and get an idea of?the mentality of the people speaking the language. Therefore, the work focuses on idiomatic expressions of regional value. 

By comparative analysis of the idiomatic expressions of the English, Russian and Uzbek languages, we can identify the similarities and differences in the mentality of the peoples under consideration. 

While carrying out the research the following objectives have been traced:

1. Definition of criteria for the analysis of idiomatic expressions in English, Russian and Uzbek languages; 
2. Identification and analysis of factors that most strongly affect the nature of idiomatic expressions. To solve the set tasks in this work, we used: 
3. Descriptive method as source;
4. Collecting material, systematizing material (creating a card index of idioms, broken down into topics and subtopics);
5. Comparative-comparative method - comparison of idiomatic expressions of English, Russian and Uzbek languages;
6. Determination of  the criteria for the analysis of idiomatic expressions by means of  external and internal factors.

The set goals and objectives determine the research methodology. The work mainly uses the methods of comparative, component, contextual and statistical analysis based on the onomasiological approach. The onomasiological approach, which is the leading one in this study, is determined by the study of the principles and patterns of "designation" of objects / persons (also actions, states) and the expression of concepts by lexical and lexical-phraseological means of the language. The comparative method was chosen because this work is of a comparative-topological nature. The main position of this method is to compare two or more languages ??in order to establish certain properties and general patterns, as well as to identify distinctive and similar features of linguistic facts, which is very important in typological research. The method of component analysis is a study of the content side of significant units of a language, the purpose of which is to decompose the meaning into minimal semantic components.

In addition, we rely on the method of contextual analysis, since the study of phraseological units of a person's qualitative characteristics is carried out depending on their use in a certain context. The statistical method is used in linguistics to analyze units of any level.

And this work provides quantitative indicators of all phraseological units of the qualitative characteristics of a person in the compared languages, their percentages, the frequency of the use of individual phraseological units in speech, and so on.

It is known that the richness of the expressive means of a language is an indicator of the level of its development and the degree of its perfection. As noted by A.M. Babkin [1], the phraseological fund of the language of the people is a living and inexhaustible source that gives the language the brightness of the features of the national character and ensures its enrichment with new expressive means and possibilities.

In linguistics, there are various definitions of the concept of "phraseological unit" or "phraseological unit". According to N.I.Shansky [2], phraseological turnover is "a unit of two or more stressed components of a word character, reproduced in finished form, constant in meaning, composition and structure, that is, structure" [2]. A.V.

Kunin [3], however, defines a phraseological unit as "a stable combination of lexemes with a fully or partially rethought meaning" [3]. I.I. Chernysheva notes that "phraseological units are stable reproducible separately formed combinations of words of various structural types with a single combination of components, the meaning of which arises as a result of the semantic transformation of the component composition" [6, 29]. And according to Barbara Votyak, phraseological units are relatively stable compounds of words or groups of words, the common internal meaning of which arises as a result of the transformation of the meaning of individual constituents.

Thus, phraseological units are stable reproducible separately formed combinations of words of various structural types with a single combination of components, the meaning of which are partially or completely rethought and arise as a result of the semantic transformation of the component composition. This is the definition of a phraseological unit, which is accepted in our research as a working one.

Phraseological units can arise on the basis of a figurative perception of reality, which reflects the everyday empirical, cultural and historical experience of a certain linguistic community. Phraseological units can be fragments of fairy-tale, mythological, religious and literary texts and, regardless of the context, have expressiveness.

Expressiveness is understood as the presence of an expressive influencing force of a phraseological unit that makes speech brighter, more effective.

Expression is the ability of a phraseological unit to express concepts clearly, visually, to convey the highest degree of a feature, creating a special perception as a kind of component of the semantic structure of a phraseological unit. In our case, expressiveness is understood as the ability of a phraseological unit to express relations, an assessment of the designated phenomena and, more broadly, the ability to express the characteristic that distinguishes these phenomena.

In the words of A.M. Babkin, phraseological units expressively and emotionally color our speech, characterize and reveal the speaker's attitude to the object of speech [1].

One of the important problems in the study of phraseological units is the implementation of their translation. On the one hand, in order to be fluent in the Russian language, it is necessary to understand Russian phraseological units, on the other hand, knowledge and understanding of phraseological units is a kind of criterion for the degree of proficiency in the Russian language.

Often, the images of two phraseological units - the source language and the target language - may have nothing in common with each other as images, but the general meaning may remain the same. So, in the turnover stay with a nose, a native speaker of Russian does not notice any "nose".

This phraseological unit in the meaning of “to remain without what one counted on” has in the Uzbek language an analogue of ikki qo’lini burniga tiqib qolmoq, that is, to remain with two hands thrust into the nose. “Where Makar did not drive calves” in the meaning of "somewhere very far, on the edge of the earth" in the Uzbek language corresponds to the equivalent - bir tupkaning tagida, which literally translates "under some tree". Before she has time to blink an eye - Ana-mana deguncha, kampir shaftolini danagidan ayirib eguncha - "The old woman will not have time to chew a peach or until the old woman separates the peach from the stone and eats it". A non-phraseological translation conveys a particular phraseological expression using the lexical means of the target language. As a result of carried out research work on the idiomatic expressions we can divide them into the following classifications [7]:

Thus, the table shows various lexical and descriptive translation provided with examples. Usually, a lexical device is used in cases where there is no phraseological analogue that can be applied. With such a translation, the figurativeness of the meaning is lost, so this type of translation is rarely used. Often phraseological units that have synonyms-words in the original language lend themselves to such a translation, sometimes the semantic content can be conveyed by a variable phrase. So, it is interesting to compare the color in the Uzbek language with quince. After a debilitating illness, one usually speaks of a person who has suffered an illness: Behidek sarg'ayib, ipakdek ingichka tortib qolibdi - "he became yellow like a quince and thin like a silk thread"[8].

Descriptive translation is reduced to the translation of not the phraseological unit itself, but its interpretation. These can be various kinds of explanations, comparisons, descriptions, interpretations - all those means that convey the content of a phraseological unit in the most clear and accessible form. Otang kim - nosqovoq, onang kim - oshqovoq. Literal translation: "who is your father - pumpkin gourd, who is your mother - butternut pumpkin (that is, an ordinary, ordinary, uncouth person)"[8].

Calculation is preferred in cases where it is impossible to convey the phraseological unit in its entirety, but it is necessary and desirable to convey the figurative basis of the phraseological unit. So you can trace phraseological units that have retained their metaphor, do not have subtext, and some stable comparisons can also be traced. They also resort to tracing in those cases when the analogue differs from the original turnover in color or when the image is revived: Qo'li egri - unclean at hand. Like no hands - ikki qo'lsiz kabi [8].

Conclusion

So, phraseological units constitute a special category of language, their translation is also distinguished by its originality and requires a creative approach. In the Russian and Uzbek languages there are the same phraseological units that coincide not only semantically and figuratively, but also in the lexical and grammatical characteristics. The basis for the formation of imagery in this group of turns is the most typical phenomena of the surrounding reality, which represent a common worldview, linguistic imagery that coincides in many languages.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Khusanova Marjona Abdurazzok Kizi, Kasimova Adiba Nosirovna. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.