Incorporation of Jute Fiber in Concrete: A Literature Review

Abstract

This systematic literature review delves into the incorporation of jute fiber as a reinforcement material in concrete, examining its benefits, challenges, and potential applications. Jute fiber, a natural and biodegradable material, presents an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to synthetic fibers commonly used in concrete reinforcement. The utilization of jute fibers in concrete not only enhances its mechanical properties but also promotes sustainable construction practices, addressing the growing need for environmentally responsible building materials. The review synthesizes existing research on the physical, mechanical, and durability properties of jute fiber-reinforced concrete (JFRC). It explores how the unique characteristics of jute fibers, such as their high tensile strength and low density, contribute to improved concrete performance, particularly in terms of tensile and flexural strength. The addition of jute fibers helps mitigate crack propagation and enhances the ductility of concrete, making it more resilient to dynamic loads. Despite these benefits, challenges such as the hydrophilic nature of jute fibers, which can lead to increased water absorption and potential durability issues, are also addressed. Various chemical treatments and surface modifications have been explored to improve the compatibility of jute fibers with the cement matrix and enhance the overall durability of JFRC. The review identifies several areas for future research, including optimizing fiber content and mix design, standardizing testing methods, and exploring new applications in different environmental conditions. By addressing these challenges and expanding the understanding of JFRC\'s performance, this research aims to support the broader adoption of jute fibers in sustainable construction, offering a pathway towards more environmentally friendly building practices.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

In the building industry, concrete is the most frequently utilized material worldwide[1]. However, its inherent brittleness, weak tensile strength, poor resistance to crack propagation, and low fracture strain capacity present challenges[2]. Fiber-reinforced concrete is often regarded as an alternative to plain concrete to mitigate these issues, particularly by enhancing tensile strength[3]. Various fibers, including natural and synthetic ones, have been employed to reinforce weak matrices. Research has shown that adding fibers to concrete significantly improves its properties[4][5][6]. According to the American Concrete Institute (ACI) [7], fine fibers are more effective than coarse fibers in reducing the width of plastic shrinkage cracks. The increased surface area of microfibers, particularly, helps reduce plastic shrinkage cracking[8].

Moreover, incorporating fibers into concrete mixes aids in reducing permeability and leakage. Different types of fibers, such as organic and inorganic ones, are used to enhance the tensile capacity of concrete. The choice of fiber depends on several factors, including the fiber's surface characteristics, length, modulus of elasticity, and material composition. Fibers are generally categorized into metallic (e.g., steel fibers) and nonmetallic (e.g., glass fibers, polypropylene fibers, carbon fibers) types[9][10]. While many researchers focus on steel, glass, and carbon fibers, these materials can be costly and less accessible. Additionally, their stiffness can negatively impact the workability of concrete mixes. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in using natural fibers as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to synthetic fibers[11][12].

Natural fiber-reinforced cement composites are particularly appealing for low-cost construction, especially in developing countries. These fibers are sustainable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly, contributing to reduced CO2 emissions[13]. Natural fibers are widely available, less expensive, stiffer, and recyclable compared to artificial fibers. As a result, natural fiber-based composites have largely replaced synthetic plastics in various applications, including automotive, aviation, packaging, construction, architecture, and biomedical fields.

Research has shown that natural fibers like roselle, sisal, coconut, sugarcane bagasse, hemp, and jute can enhance the compressive and tensile strength of concrete composites[14][15]. The use of chopped natural fibers in cement matrixes improves energy absorption, transforming brittle materials into more ductile ones. These fibers act as crack arrestors, preventing fracture propagation and leading to non-catastrophic failure. The continuous reinforcement of fibers has led to the development of new building materials with improved tensile strength and ductility[16]. Natural fibers, serving as reinforcing agents, help bridge gaps in the matrix and transmit stresses, thus inhibiting micro-crack formation[17].

In particular, jute fibers (JTF), derived from annual plants and characterized by their pentagonal or hexagonal cross-sectional shape, are gaining attention for their potential in concrete composites. Jute fibers offer benefits such as soundproofing, ultraviolet protection, and antibacterial properties, making them suitable for outdoor use. They are also cost-effective, readily available, and environmentally friendly[18]. Jute and sisal fibers exhibit superior mechanical properties compared to coconut and sugarcane fibers, which is reflected in the performance of concrete reinforced with these fibers.

[15], [19], [20]Studies indicate that jute fibers are about seven times lighter than steel fibers and possess sufficient tensile strength (250–300 MPa) for most applications. Research into the impact of both short discrete and long continuous jute fibers on the failure and impact characteristics of cementitious composites suggests that jute fibers can enhance the strength, impact resistance, and cracking resistance of the mixture. Consequently, jute fibers are considered a viable alternative to traditional fibers in concrete materials.

The performance of natural fiber-reinforced concrete (NFRC) depends on several factors, including the type and quantity of fibers used. The hydrophilic nature of fibers, along with the proportion of fiber and filler in the composite, can influence the properties of NFRC[21]. While much research has focused on jute fibers as a replacement for steel fibers—given steel's high cost and issues with thermal expansion and corrosion—knowledge about the use of jute fibers in concrete remains scattered. This review aims to consolidate information on the physical properties, fresh properties, and mechanical and durability aspects of jute fiber-reinforced concrete, providing valuable insights for future research

B. Need of Study

The need for this study arises from the increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly materials in the construction industry. Traditional concrete, while being one of the most widely used building materials, faces significant environmental challenges, including high carbon emissions associated with cement production and the depletion of natural resources. The exploration of natural fibers, such as jute, as reinforcement materials in concrete, offers a promising solution to these challenges.

Jute fiber is a natural, renewable resource with a lower environmental footprint compared to synthetic fibers like steel, glass, and polypropylene. Its use in concrete reinforcement could significantly reduce the environmental impact of construction projects. However, despite its potential benefits, the use of jute fiber in concrete is not yet widespread, primarily due to a lack of comprehensive understanding of its properties and performance in different applications.

Existing research indicates that jute fiber-reinforced concrete (JFRC) can improve the mechanical properties of concrete, such as tensile strength and crack resistance. However, issues like the hydrophilic nature of jute, which can affect the durability and long-term performance of concrete, need further investigation. Moreover, there is a need to establish standardized testing methods and guidelines for the use of jute fibers in concrete to ensure consistent quality and performance across different projects.

This study aims to fill these gaps by systematically reviewing the existing literature on JFRC, and identifying the key benefits, challenges, and potential applications.

By doing so, it seeks to provide a solid foundation for future research and development in this area, promoting the use of natural fibers in sustainable construction practices. The insights gained from this study will be valuable for researchers, engineers, and policymakers interested in advancing environmentally friendly building technologies.

C. Objectives of study

This review aims to:

1. Provide a comprehensive overview of the properties of jute fibers and their effects on concrete.
2. Evaluate the mechanical and durability properties of JFRC.
3. Discuss the challenges associated with using jute fibers in concrete.
4. Identify potential applications of JFRC.
5. Highlight future research directions

II. METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS

A. Literature Search Strategy

The literature search was conducted across several databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore. The search terms used included "jute fiber reinforced concrete," "natural fiber concrete," "JFRC," "sustainable concrete," and "natural fibers in construction." The review focused on articles published between 2000 and 2024, with a preference for peer-reviewed journals, conference papers, and theses.

B. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

1) Inclusion Criteria

Studies on the mechanical, durability, and fresh properties of JFRC.

Research discussing the physical and chemical properties of jute fibers.

Articles on the environmental and economic aspects of JFRC.

2) Exclusion Criteria

1. Non-English language articles.
2. Studies not directly related to jute fibers or concrete reinforcement.
3. Papers lacking experimental or analytical data.

C. Data Extraction and Analysis

Key information was extracted from the selected studies, including the type of jute fiber used, fiber treatment methods, concrete mix design, and the properties of the resulting JFRC. The analysis aimed to identify common findings, discrepancies, and trends in the data.

III. Results and discussion

A. Physical and Chemical Properties of Jute Fiber

Jute fibers are composed mainly of cellulose (60-70%), hemicellulose (12-14%), and lignin (12-14%)[22]. These components confer significant tensile strength, low density, and good thermal and acoustic insulation properties[23] [24]. Jute fibers are also biodegradable and renewable, making them a sustainable choice for construction materials  [25].

1) Morphological Characteristics

The morphology of jute fibers, including their length, diameter, and aspect ratio, significantly influences the performance of JFRC. Fibers with high aspect ratios (length to diameter) are generally more effective in bridging cracks and improving tensile properties. However, the variability in natural fiber dimensions can pose challenges in achieving consistent performance  [26].

2) Chemical Composition and Treatment

The hydrophilic nature of jute fibers, due to their high cellulose content, can lead to increased water absorption, affecting the workability and durability of concrete. Various chemical treatments, such as alkali treatment, silane coupling agents, and polymer coatings, have been employed to modify the surface properties of jute fibers, enhancing their compatibility with the cement matrix (Das & Ray, 2020) [27][28].

B. Mechanical Properties of JFRC

The mechanical properties of concrete, such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength, can be significantly improved by the incorporation of jute fibers. The fibers help to arrest crack propagation and distribute loads more evenly throughout the concrete matrix (Sarker & Das, 2018) [29].

1) Compressive Strength

Studies have shown mixed results regarding the impact of jute fibers on the compressive strength of concrete[30]. While some studies report a slight reduction in compressive strength with the addition of jute fibers, others have found no significant effect or even a slight increase (Singh & Kaur, 2017) [31]. The variability in results can be attributed to factors such as fiber content, fiber treatment, and the mix design of the concrete.

2) Tensile and Flexural Strength

Jute fibers significantly improve the tensile and flexural strengths of concrete, enhancing its ductility and toughness. The fibers bridge microcracks, preventing their propagation and leading to a more ductile failure mode (Patel & Sharma, 2019). The optimal fiber content for maximum tensile strength enhancement is typically around 1% to 2% by volume (Kumar & Singh, 2021) [32].

C. Durability Aspects

The durability of JFRC is influenced by the fiber's resistance to environmental factors such as moisture, alkalis, and UV radiation. Untreated jute fibers can absorb water, leading to swelling and degradation over time, which can compromise the durability of the concrete. Various treatments have been developed to enhance the durability of jute fibers, including chemical treatments and coatings (Nair & Thomas, 2018) [33].

1) Water Absorption and Permeability

The hydrophilic nature of jute fibers can increase the water absorption and permeability of JFRC, potentially leading to durability issues such as freeze-thaw damage and chemical attack. Treatments such as alkali treatment or the application of hydrophobic coatings can reduce water absorption and enhance the durability of JFRC [27][28].

2) Resistance to Chemical Attack

JFRC has shown varying levels of resistance to chemical attacks, depending on the treatment of the fibers and the mix design. Studies indicate that treated jute fibers can enhance the concrete's resistance to chloride ion penetration and sulfate attack, which are common issues in aggressive environments  [33].

D. Fresh Properties

The inclusion of jute fibers affects the workability of concrete mixes. The high water absorption capacity of jute fibers can reduce the workability of the concrete, requiring adjustments in the mix design, such as the use of superplasticizers or increasing the water-to-cement ratio [34].

1) Workability and Consistency

The workability of JFRC can be compromised by the presence of jute fibers, particularly at higher fiber contents. This is due to the increased surface area of the fibers, which requires more water for wetting. The use of superplasticizers can help to improve workability without compromising the strength and durability of the concrete  [33].

2) Setting Time

The setting time of JFRC may be affected by the presence of jute fibers. While some studies report an increase in setting time due to the absorption of water by the fibers, others find minimal impact. The variation in results can be attributed to differences in fiber treatment and mix composition  [27][28].

E. Environmental and Economic Considerations

Jute fibers are a renewable, biodegradable resource, offering a sustainable alternative to synthetic fibers. The use of JFRC can reduce the carbon footprint of construction materials and contribute to sustainable building practices. Additionally, jute fibers are relatively inexpensive and widely available, making them an economically viable option for reinforcing concrete [34].

1) Sustainability and Carbon Footprint

The production of jute fibers has a lower environmental impact compared to synthetic fibers such as polypropylene or steel. Jute cultivation requires fewer chemicals and less energy, contributing to a lower carbon footprint. The biodegradability of jute fibers also reduces the environmental impact of disposal at the end of the concrete's lifecycle [35].

2) Cost-Effectiveness

Jute fibers are more cost-effective compared to synthetic fibers, making them an attractive option for low-cost construction, especially in developing countries. The economic benefits are further enhanced by the local availability of jute in many regions, reducing transportation costs[36].

F. Challenges and Future Research Directions

Despite the promising properties of JFRC, several challenges need to be addressed to fully realize its potential. These include the variability in fiber quality, the need for effective treatments to enhance durability, and the lack of standardization in testing methods. Additionally, more research is needed to understand the long-term performance of JFRC under various environmental conditions [32].

G. Standardization and Quality Control

The variability in the properties of jute fibers, such as length, diameter, and mechanical properties, poses a challenge for their use in concrete. Standardization of fiber quality and treatment methods is essential to ensure consistent performance in JFRC. Developing standardized testing protocols for JFRC is also crucial for comparing results across different studies  [26].

H. Durability Enhancement

The hydrophilic nature of jute fibers can compromise the durability of JFRC, particularly in wet or aggressive environments. Research into more effective treatments, such as chemical modifications or the use of hybrid fiber systems, could enhance the durability and performance of JFRC. Additionally, long-term studies are needed to assess the durability of JFRC in real-world applications  [33].

I. Optimization of Fiber Content and Mix Design

Finding the optimal fiber content and mix design for JFRC is crucial to maximizing its mechanical properties while maintaining workability and durability. Further research into the effects of fiber content, fiber length, and mix design on the properties of JFRC is needed. Additionally, the development of new admixtures and additives specifically designed for natural fiber-reinforced concrete could improve its performance [33].

J. Environmental Impact and Lifecycle Assessment

While jute fibers are considered environmentally friendly, comprehensive lifecycle assessments of JFRC are needed to quantify its overall environmental impact. This includes considering factors such as the energy and resources required for fiber treatment, the potential for recycling or reuse of JFRC components, and the long-term environmental benefits of using natural fibers in construction [34].

K. Potential Applications and Future Research

JFRC has potential applications in a variety of construction contexts, including low-cost housing, rural infrastructure, and environmentally sensitive areas. Further research into the specific applications and benefits of JFRC in these contexts could help to promote its use. Additionally, exploring the combination of jute fibers with other natural or synthetic fibers could lead to the development of hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete with enhanced properties [35][36].

Experimental Investigation on Jute Fiber Concrete Under Various

Conclusion

Jute fiber-reinforced concrete offers a promising alternative to synthetic fiber-reinforced composites, combining environmental sustainability with improved mechanical properties. This systematic literature review highlights the benefits and challenges associated with JFRC, providing a foundation for future research and development. The continued exploration of natural fibers in concrete reinforcement is crucial for advancing sustainable construction technologies and addressing the challenges of modern infrastructure development

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Copyright

Copyright © 2024 Ram Krishna Shrestha, Dr. Mukil Alagirisamy, Dr. Om Prakash Giri, Dr. Purushottam Dangol , Niroj Maharjan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.