Ijraset Journal For Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology
Authors: Suchita Wali, Dr Praveen Kumar P
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.62398
Certificate: View Certificate
Cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water are the basic raw materials used in the manufacture of concrete. The naturally available aggregates are very precious and need to be conserved. Waste materials such as fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) which cause disposal problems, and environmental problems can be economically used as a partial replacement for both fine and coarse aggregate. The present research focuses on conducting laboratory studies on the properties of M30 grade concrete by replacing fine and coarse aggregate with fly ash and GGBS. The results show that the optimum percentage of partial replacement of fly ash and GGBS is 30% for both fine and coarse aggregate. The compressive strength of concrete increased by 15% and 24%, respectively, and the tensile strength of concrete nearly increased by 20% in both cases. In addition, the use of waste material helps to reduce the cost of construction while simultaneously solving the disposal and environmental pollution problems.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the civil engineering construction field, concrete is the most extensively used materials and it has a wide range of applications. Concrete is used globally to build buildings, bridges, roads, runways, sidewalks, and dams. In India, a developing country, the rate of construction is increasing rapidly. Due to such increased construction, there is a huge demand for cement, in particular Ordinary Portland cement (OPC). However, the rate of manufacture of OPC has decreased due to the limited availability of raw materials like limestone. Since there is a possibility of an acute shortage of natural aggregates in the future, we can explore the use of industrial wastes as an alternative to natural aggregates for concrete production. The production of cement releases greenhouse gas emissions both directly and indirectly: heating limestone releases CO2 directly, while burning fossil fuels to heat the kiln indirectly results in carbon dioxide emissions.
Similarly, India has numerous industries in the areas of hydropower, steel, etc., which produce hundreds and millions tonnes of waste materials every year. The disposal of these materials is a challenging task and causes environmental problems. These materials can be economically used in concrete as a partial replacement for both fine and coarse aggregate. This helps in the preservation of natural resources, and in addition, it reduces the cost of construction.
II. OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT RESEARCH
The following are the main objectives of the present research:
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
IV. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
A. Materials
The materials used in the present research are
The natural fine and coarse aggregate are obtained from the local quarry and Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of 53 grade was used in the research.
B. Fly Ash
Fly ash is a by product from thermal power plants. In modern coal-fired power plants, fly ash is generally captured by electrostatic precipitators or other particle filtration equipment before the flue gases reach the chimneys. Depending upon the source and composition of the coal being burned, the components of fly ash vary considerably, but all fly ash includes substantial amounts of silicon dioxide (SiO2) (both amorphous and crystalline), aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and calcium oxide (CaO), the main mineral compounds in coal-bearing rock strata.
The minor constituents of fly ash depend upon the specific coal bed composition but may include one or more of the following elements or compounds found in trace concentrations (up to hundreds ppm): arsenic, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, hexavalent chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, thallium, and vanadium, along with very small concentrations of dioxins and PAH compounds. It also has unburnt carbon. In the past, fly ash was generally released into the atmosphere, but air pollution control standards now require that it be captured prior to release by fitting pollution control equipment. Fly ash is generally stored at coal power plants or placed in landfills. About 43% is recycled, often used as a pozzolana to produce hydraulic cement or hydraulic plaster and am replacement or partial replacement for Portland cement in concrete production.
Two classes of fly ash are defined by ASTM C618: Class F fly ash and Class C fly ash. The chief difference between these classes is the amount of calcium, silica, alumina, and iron content in the ash. The chemical properties of the fly ash are largely influenced by the chemical content of the coal burned (i.e., anthracite, bituminous, and lignite). The form of fly ash in the form of fine aggregate is shown in Figure1.
???????C. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) is a by product of the iron and steel industry, formed during the production of pig iron in blast furnaces. It is obtained by quenching molten slag from the blast furnace with water, which results in rapid cooling, granulation, and formation of glassy granules. GGBS is then ground to a fine powder, enhancing its reactivity and cementations properties.
Overall, GGBS is commonly used in various concrete applications such as high-performance concrete, marine structures, bridges, roads, and mass concrete works. Its widespread adoption not only improves the performance and longevity of concrete structures but also promotes sustainable development by utilizing industrial by products effectively. The GGBS in the form of coarse aggregate is shown in Figure 2.
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1) The materials used in the present research, namely coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and cement, satisfy the relevant code specifications. 2) The Mix design for M30 grade concrete is obtained to meet the requirements of Indian Standard (IS) 10262-2019. 3) The compression test results meet the minimum values of strength as per the code requirement. The optimum percentage replacement of both Fly ash and GGBS was obtained at 30%. 4) The 30% replacement of fine aggregate with fly ash and coarse aggregate with GGBS increased the compressive strength of M30 grade concrete by 24.0% and 30%, respectively. 5) The 30% replacement of fine aggregate with fly ash and coarse aggregate with GGBS increased the tensile strength of M30 grade concrete by 20% in both cases. In summary, the research explored the viability of using fly ash and GGBS as a partial replacement for both fine aggregate and coarse aggregate in concrete in an effort to improve the building material\'s sustainability and performance. The use of waste materials in place of conventional materials also reduces the cost of concrete and in turn, the cost of construction. From material characteristics and mix design to testing and analysis of the resulting concrete, the study comprised a comprehensive investigation of numerous aspects. In addition, it demonstrated the prospective advantages, such as environmental sustainability, enhanced concrete properties, and potential cost savings.
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Copyright © 2024 Suchita Wali, Dr Praveen Kumar P. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Paper Id : IJRASET62398
Publish Date : 2024-05-20
ISSN : 2321-9653
Publisher Name : IJRASET
DOI Link : Click Here