Medicinal Plants in Cold Desert District Lahaul-Spitti of Himachal Pradesh

Abstract

Himachal Pradesh, located in the western Himalaya, is known for its rich biodiversity. Among its unique ecosystems; the cold desert region of Lahaul-Spitti is home to a variety of Medicinal Plants that have played a vital role in traditional healing systems. This paper explores some of the important Medicinal Plants found in this region, their traditional uses and their significance for local economies.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

The cold desert regions of Lahaul-Spiti in Himachal Pradesh are a prime location for medicinal plants due to their high-altitude alpine and arid conditions. Over time, traditional healing practices involving these plants have been integral to the health care of the tribal communities in the area. Traditional herbal remedies, rooted in ancient Indian scriptures like the Rig Veda, Yajurveda, and Charak Samhita, are still widely practiced today. The economic value of medicinal plants is also significant, as locals continue to rely on their cultivation and sale for livelihood.

II. SOURCE OF DATA

The primary data for this research paper were gathered through extensive field surveys in various regions of Lahaul-Spiti, focusing on the indigenous medicinal plants used by the local communities. The data was sourced from both primary and secondary means. The primary sources included direct interviews with traditional healers such as Amchis and Larje, as well as consultations with local villagers who have been using these plants for generations. Plant specimens were collected from their natural habitats for morphological identification.

Secondary data sources included ancient Indian texts like the Rig Veda, Yajurveda, and Charak Samhita, which have documented the use of medicinal plants over millennia. Additional sources included published research, government reports, and local ethnobotanical studies, particularly focusing on the medicinal plants of cold desert regions. The market data regarding the economic significance of medicinal plants were collected from local markets and interactions with farmers involved in the trade of medicinal plants.

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study carried out by using a mixed-method approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative research methods like:

1. Ethnobotanical Survey: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted to document the variety of medicinal plants present in Lahaul-Spiti and their traditional uses. This involved visiting villages, interacting with local communities, and observing plant use practices. The identification of plants was carried out using both local knowledge and comparison with herbarium records.
2. Interviews and Case Studies: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with traditional healers (Amchis and Larje) and elderly villagers to gain insights into the traditional knowledge systems associated with the medicinal use of plants. Case studies were also documented, focusing on specific plants and their role in the local healthcare system.
3. Plant Collection and Identification: Plant samples were collected from different altitudinal zones within Lahaul-Spiti. These samples were then analyzed and classified according to their botanical families. The morphological characteristics of the plants were documented, and their identification was confirmed using standard taxonomical keys and herbarium records.
4. Economic Analysis: Data on the economic significance of the medicinal plants were gathered through market surveys. Information was collected on the prices of medicinal plants like Kuth, Kalazeera, and Seabuckthorn, focusing on their trade routes, demand, and contribution to local economies.

This mixed method approach ensured a comprehensive understanding of the medicinal plants’ role in the local tradition, healthcare and economy while also highlighting the urgent need for conservation measures.

IV. IMPORTANCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN LAHAUL-SPITTI

Inhabitants of Lahaul-Spiti continue to use local medicinal plants for health care, often under the guidance of traditional medical practitioners known as "Amchis" and "Larje." Many of these plants are also commercially valuable, contributing to the local economy.

A. Kuth (Saussurea Lappa)

Photo Source: (https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FKUSHTHA-Kushta-Saussurea-COSTUS)

• Local Name: Kuth, Koont
• Habitat and History: Kuth is traditionally cultivated in the cold desert environment of Lahaul valley. In the past, it was a major cash crop for the region, but its cultivation has declined due to long growing cycles, small landholdings, and fluctuating market prices.
• Morphology: A robust herb growing up to 2 meters, Kuth has stout tuberous roots with a strong aroma.
• Uses: Kuth roots are used in incense, ear pain relief, joint pain, asthma, toothache, and skin diseases. Its oil has antiseptic properties and has been traditionally used to treat leprosy.
• Propagation: Kuth thrives under cool and humid conditions and can be propagated from seeds or root cuttings. Its harvest cycle is typically three years.
• Economic Significance: Kuth was once exported to France and Hong Kong, contributing significantly to the local economy.

B. Seabuckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoids)

Photo Source: https://www.thebetterindia.com/82348/seabuckthorn-lahaul-spiti-himachal-pradesh-ecosphere/

• Local Name: Chharma (Spiti Valley), Sarla (Lahaul Valley)
• Habitat: Seabuckthorn thrives in high-altitude, cold, arid conditions along riversides and irrigated areas of Lahaul-Spiti.

(Farmer Harvesting the Seabuckthorn Berries)

Photo source: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/economy/potential-of-spiti-valley-wild-fruit-waiting-to-be-tapped-across-india-59355

• Morphology: A thorny shrub up to 2 meters tall, Seabuckthorn has extensive roots that help prevent soil erosion and desertification.
• Uses: Seabuckthorn berries are rich in vitamins A, B, C, and omega oils. They are used for skin benefits, heart health, and immune system support. The leaves are protein-rich fodder, and the berries are made into products like tea, juice, and oil.
• Economic and Environmental Benefits: Seabuckthorn plays an essential role in supporting local economies through its commercial use in health products.

C. Ratanjot (Onosma Bracteatum)

(Root of Ratanjot)

Source: (https://www.google.com mangalorespice.com)

• Local Name: Ratanjot (Spiti Valley), Khomig (Lahaul Valley)
• Habitat: Found at altitudes of 3600-4500 meters in Lahaul-Spiti, Ratanjot prefers sun-facing slopes.
• Morphology: A perennial herb with woody rootstock, its roots are purplish-red, and the plant flowers in August-September.
• Uses: Ratanjot is used as a dye for silk and wool, and its roots are used in the treatment of rheumatism, syphilis, and skin diseases. The plant's dye is also used in religious ceremonies and cooking.
• Economic Significance: Ratanjot roots are sold at high prices (Rs. 500-700/kg), making it a valuable economic resource for local inhabitants.

D. Kalazeera (Carum Bulbocastanum)

(Seeds of Kalazeera)

Source:   (https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiamart.com%)

• Local Name: Zeera, Kalajerah
• Habitat: Grows at altitudes of 3000-3600 meters in Lahaul-Spiti in meadows and dry grassy slopes.
• Morphology: An erect, highly branched herb with tuberous roots, Kalazeera seeds are yellowish-brown and rich in volatile oils.
• Uses: The seeds are used for treating indigestion, gastritis, and liver problems, and as a flavoring in curries. Kalazeera is also used in medicinal treatments for digestive disorders and as a natural remedy for sleeplessness.
• Economic Significance: Kalazeera seeds fetch a high price in the market (Rs. 2000-2500/kg), contributing to the local economy.

Conclusion

The cold desert district of Lahaul-Spiti is home to a wide variety of medicinal plants with significant health and economic benefits. Traditional herbal remedies play an essential role in the daily lives of the local communities, and the commercial value of these plants provides economic sustenance. However, the over-extraction of these plants poses a threat to their sustainability, emphasizing the need for conservation efforts.

References

[1] Anonymous, 1973. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. [2] Geetha, S., Ram, M. S., Singh, V., Ilavazhagan, G., & Sawhney, R.C., 2002a. \"Anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.).\" Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 79: 373-378. [3] Sood, S.K., Nath, R., Kalia, D.C., 2001. Ethnobotany of Cold Desert Tribe of Lahaul-Spiti. [4] Singh, V., Singh, B., & Awasthi, C.P., 1995. \"Distribution, taxonomy and nutritional values of seabuckthorn.\" Proceedings of International Workshop on Seabuckthorn, Beijing, China. [5] G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Himachal Unit, Mohal-Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, 175 126, India. Chandra P. Kuniyal , Yashwant S. Rawat, Santaram S. Oinam , Jagdish C. Kuniyal [6] Patel, R. P. and Patel, R. N., (1966): Antimicrobial activity of Ratanjot- The Roots of Arnebia nobilis; T h e Ind. Jour. O f P h a rm a c y . 28 (11), 302- 304. [7] S.K.Sood, Ram Nath ,D.C. Kalia Ethanobotany of cold Desert Tribe of Lahoul-Spiti. [8] Singh, V., Singh, B. & Awasthi, C.P. 1995. Distribution, taxonomy and nutritional values of seabuckthorn growing in drytemperate Himalayas. In: Proceeding of International Workshop on Seabuckthorn, p.52-59, Dec.12-17, 1995, Beijing, China, 206p. [9] Chopra, R. N., Nayar, S. L. and Chopra, I. C., (1956): Glossary of Indian Medicinal plants (CSIR), Nevi^ Delhi., 18, 69, 255, 202 and 181.

Copyright

Copyright © 2024 Rajesh Kumar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.