Higher Education System in Central Asia (On The Example of Kazakhstan)

Abstract

Reforming the national education system is a priority of public policy and guarantees development. In this regard, any state will give priority to policy in this regard. The complexity of the matter is that this policy does not always yield the expected results. But countries around the world are striving to implement effective higher education reforms. There is a similar trend in our region. In this article, we will focus on the higher education system in Kazakhstan. Zero Kazakhstani higher education is the most developed system in the Keywords: Kazakhstan, higher education, system, legal framework, achievements, challenges, higher education, program, reforms, region, public policy, global education, knowledge capitalization, bachelor, master, distance education.region.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Modern Kazakhstan is developing in a unique way in the new socio-political, economic and international conditions. The development of higher education has risen to the level of public policy. Kazakhstan's education system is developing on the basis of global educational opportunities. The influence of world educational trends and the market economy have a special impact. The reason is that it provides education and training services based on market relations. This has a great impact on the development of the country's economy. In the process, the capitalization of knowledge increases.

II. LEGAL BASIS OF EDUCATION IN KAZAKHSTAN

During the years of independence of Kazakhstan has its own educational traditions. The education system has undergone serious tests. In the 21st century, Kazakhstan has embarked on extensive reforms to develop higher education. In 2007, the Law on Education was adopted. According to him, young people can continue their education in higher education after receiving general secondary or technical and vocational education. In December 2012, Kazakhstan adopted the Strategy "Kazakhstan-2050". In it, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan said: “Our main task in this regard is to continue sustainable development in the XXI century, while preserving all the achievements of the years of independence. Our main goal is to create a prosperous state based on a strong state, developed economy and universal opportunities by 2050 "[1].

Therefore, education has been identified as one of the priorities of state policy. In the development of education in the country, great attention is paid to the "Knowledge Triangle" - the combination of science, education and innovation. Or in 2020, the Republic of Kazakhstan adopted a state program for the development of education and science for 2020-2025. Ensuring a high status of the teaching profession in the program, modernization of pedagogical education. Reducing the gap in the quality of education between urban and rural schools, provinces, educational institutions, students. Provide a safe and comfortable learning environment. Introduce an updated system of quality assessment of students, teachers and educational institutions based on best practices. Ensuring continuity of education, vocational training based on economic needs and regional characteristics. Ensuring the intellectual, spiritual, moral and physical development of students. Equipping educational institutions with digital infrastructure and modern material and technical base. Introduction of a vertical system of education management and financing. Strengthening the intellectual potential of science. Modernization and digitization of scientific infrastructure. Priorities have been identified, such as increasing the efficiency of scientific developments and ensuring integration into the global scientific space. [2]

III. PECULIARITIES OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM OF KAZAKHSTAN

In Kazakhstan, as in our education system, higher education is divided into two stages. Higher education that provides bachelor's and master's degrees. Postgraduate education, including doctoral studies. A bachelor's degree is a full-fledged higher education, the result of which is the systematic acquisition of professional knowledge and skills. A master’s degree is the second stage of higher education, which involves getting a narrower specialization. However, the specialties a student will receive at these levels may not be compatible with each other.

The higher education system of Kazakhstan offers the following forms of education: full-time or inpatient. With this form, the student must attend seminars and lectures. Distance learning is conducted via the Internet. In this form of education, the main focus is on the student’s independent work. Teachers set up a platform to organize it on the Internet: post assignments, teaching materials, conduct online consultations.

Naturally, many students want to study distance learning in Kazakhstan. However, this type of education is not available for all applicants. Graduates must attend classes in person. Graduates of colleges and other secondary education institutions will enroll in distance learning if the profiles of completed and reviewed educational programs match. In fact, in this way, they raise their professional level, deepen their knowledge and become high-level specialists. Distance education is available for: women with young children; the disabled; rural students; those wishing to obtain a second higher education; students who are unable to attend classes due to ill health; student exchange; those who study through academic mobility programs; convicts in custody; students on a long business trip.

Internship is not available in remote mode. Classes in master's and doctoral programs are conducted part-time. With such a training system, seminars and lectures are conducted online, and practical classes and laboratory classes are held in the classroom.

A form of distance learning system different from our education system was discontinued on January 1, 2019. This was explained by the fact that the distance learning graduate was much lower than the full-time graduate. However, there are still those who are not eligible for inpatient education. In this case, a distance learning higher education or a part-time system can be used. The second involves a very flexible schedule: some lectures and seminars are held in the evenings or on weekends. All students who started part-time study before 2018 and earlier can complete their studies and receive a diploma.

Higher education in Kazakhstan: tuition fees Citizens receive higher education in Kazakhstan on a paid and free basis. Applicants take the Unified National Test (UNT), after which one-third of them apply for free education. Grants for second higher education are also not provided in Kazakhstan. The cost of tuition at higher education institutions in the country was previously regulated by the state. Now each university has the right to independently review and approve the form of the contract for the provision of educational services and the cost of training.

Higher education is available for Kazakhs abroad. Applicants can study on a paid or free basis. The Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan has established an international scholarship "Bolashak" for citizens of Kazakhstan who have applied for a doctorate or master's degree abroad. Under the master's degree program: civil servants; pedagogical, scientific, engineering and technical staff; media workers, culture, artists; those who entered the master's degree independently; Citizens who have passed the general competition for master's degree will participate. To get a grant, you have to go through six selection stages. Upon completion of the competition, contracts will be signed with the winners for higher education abroad. This document is the legal basis for the transfer of funds and payment of training costs. The government continues to improve higher education in Kazakhstan. The main task is to create opportunities for every citizen to receive quality and competitive education in the labor market at home and abroad.

IV. PROBLEMS OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM OF KAZAKHSTAN

Askhat Ayamagambetov, Kazakhstan's minister of education and science, said that old equipment, small classrooms in rural schools, poor teacher training, and poor internet access all made it difficult to get a good education in Kazakhstan. [3] It should be noted that the main emphasis is on school education. But as a system of higher education, school education also plays an important role and forms its foundation.

Another researcher cites an unfair competitive environment as a problem in higher education. The increase in demand for educational services has led not only to the growth of educational institutions, but also to the emergence of unfair competition. This is especially evident in the field of economic education. [4]

Personnel aging is one of the current problems of modern universities. In the balance between the formation of a scientific-level potential teacher and the increase in the number of students, the increase in the number of students is accelerating. This will force higher education institutions to increase the number of teachers whose qualifications are questionable. Or causing qualified teachers to work at two, three and even four universities.

As a solution to the above problem, researchers should make every effort to increase the activity of professors and teachers, as well as public universities. To do this, it is necessary to gradually increase the level of remuneration of labor in the field of education, to stimulate scientific activity through the provision of grants, and so on.

Conclusion

Kazakhstan\'s higher education system is a leader in the region. This is the fruit of the reforms carried out by the government at the beginning of the new century. The peculiarity of this education system is the presence of the obligation of students to participate in classes, the introduction of social sciences as a compulsory subject, the abandonment of the system of distance learning. At the same time, to further develop the system of higher education, to focus on updating the material and technical base of universities and laboratory equipment, to pursue a policy of rejuvenating the teaching staff. To do this, it is important to increase the attractiveness of teaching in society. Kazakhstan\'s experience plays an important role in the development of the education system in the region. Kazakhstan\'s achievements play an important role in creating a healthy competitive environment among higher education institutions and integrating the national education system into the global education system.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Yuldashev Ravshanjon Baxodirovich . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.