Review Paper on Renewable Energy

Abstract

This paper provides a broad overview of a variety of renewable energy sources and their associated benefits. It emphasizes the critical role of renewable energy in addressing the challenges posed by climate change and the urgent necessity to transition towards more sustainable energy frameworks. Furthermore, the paper explores the technological advancements that have facilitated the seamless integration of renewable energy into contemporary energy systems. Ultimately, the paper underscores the potential opportunities and limitations inherent in renewable energy resources, emphasizing their central role in shaping the trajectory of the global energy landscape.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

The foundation of renewable energy lies in the harnessing and efficient utilization of naturally replenishing resources occurring within relatively short temporal cycles. These sources of renewable energy possess a notable characteristic of being practically inexhaustible, thus offering an enduring and ecologically favorable substitute to the finite reservoirs of fossil fuels. The overarching concept underscores a paradigm shift from economies heavily reliant on fossil fuels towards an energy portfolio that is both diversified and sustainable. This transition serves as a proactive approach to tackle the pressing challenges posed by climate change, fortify energy security, and mitigate environmental deterioration.

Central to the theory of renewable energy is the imperative to curtail emissions of greenhouse gases, thereby addressing the exigencies of climate change. This doctrine inherently advocates the transformation from economies entrenched in fossil fuel dependency to the establishment of robust and resilient energy systems. The strategic incorporation of these renewable sources not only ameliorates ecological footprints but also diminishes dependence on finite resources, culminating in a commendable attainment of energy self-reliance.

The discourse surrounding renewable energy has accentuated the pivotal role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, serving as a countermeasure against the impacts of climate change, and orchestrating a pivotal shift from economies tethered to fossil fuels towards more resilient structures. The harnessing of renewable energy conduces to a discernible abatement in ecological ramifications, simultaneously alleviating the strain on finite resources and realizing a sovereign energy trajectory.

Nonetheless, the widespread adoption of renewable energy confronts a spectrum of challenges encompassing intermittency stemming from weather-dependent variability, intricacies of energy storage, initial capital outlays, and seamless assimilation into pre-existing energy grids. It is noteworthy, however, that the relentless march of technological progress, coupled with an escalating consciousness of environmental imperatives among the populace, has engendered remarkable headway in the global proliferation of renewable energy sources. A diverse array of renewable energy modalities has been identified, each deriving distinct forms of energy from natural reservoirs. These various types of renewable energy sources substantiate a comprehensive spectrum of energy outputs harnessed from indigenous resources [1, 2].

II. TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

A. Solar Energy

The generation of solar power is achieved through the utilization of photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power systems, capturing and converting sunlight. This form of energy is both abundant and environmentally benign, offering the advantage of direct applicability at localized consumption points, such as rooftops or solar farms.

Solar energy offers a multitude of significant benefits, positioning it as a compelling and sustainable alternative to conventional energy sources. Firstly, it stands out as an exceptionally clean form of energy, distinguishing itself from fossil fuels by emitting no carbon dioxide, a major contributor to global warming. This attribute aligns with the imperative of reducing environmental impact. Secondly, solar energy capitalizes on the virtually limitless power supplied by the sun, ensuring a consistent and abundant source of energy as long as the sun endures. Moreover, advancements in energy storage technology allow for efficient battery storage, enhancing the reliability of solar energy systems and mitigating concerns over intermittent availability.

Another key advantage lies in the potential for reduced utility costs, as solar energy enables individuals and businesses to generate their own power, thereby decreasing dependence on external suppliers. Additionally, the accessibility of sunlight renders solar energy essentially free once the infrastructure is in place, offering long-term financial benefits. However, this renewable source does come with certain limitations. Solar energy production can be diminished during overcast days and winters, presenting challenges to its year-round efficiency. The initial costs associated with solar panel installation and related materials are relatively high, posing a barrier to widespread adoption. Lastly, solar installations demand substantial space, which might be a constraint in densely populated or limited areas. Despite these limitations, the remarkable benefits of solar energy underscore its vital role in transitioning toward a cleaner and more sustainable energy future [3].

B. Wind Energy

Wind energy is produced by capturing the kinetic energy of the air moving through wind turbines. Wind farms are built in areas with continuous wind to generate electricity. This is another type of renewable energy used for producing power.

Wind power offers numerous benefits, including job creation, domestic resource utilization for economic growth, clean and renewable energy generation, local community advantages, and cost-effectiveness. Wind turbines' adaptability to various environments enhances their appeal. However, limitations include reduced energy output in low wind speed areas and instability due to inconsistent wind speeds. Despite these drawbacks, wind power remains a vital contributor to cleaner and more sustainable energy landscapes [4].

C. Hydropower

Hydropower is the power produced by flowing water. It is essential to build dams to capture and control the flow of water that then drives turbines to generate electricity. Hydropower boasts advantages like consistent water availability, low operational costs, and versatile applications. It's a cost-effective and reliable energy source, but challenges include high embankment construction costs, land space requirements, potential water scarcity impacts, disruption to aquatic life, and the need for evacuation during floods. Despite limitations, hydropower remains a valuable component of sustainable energy strategies [5].

D. Biomass

Biomass energy is derived from organic materials such as wood, agricultural residues and animal manure. It can be used to generate heat or electricity through processes such as combustion, gasification or anaerobic digestion.  Biomass energy offers several benefits as a renewable resource. It's consistently and abundantly available, helping reduce reliance on fossil fuels and offering cost advantages. However, there are limitations. Traditional biomass burning releases significant carbon dioxide, impacting the environment, while waste biomass synthesis is more eco-friendly. Biomass production can also pose health hazards due to limited awareness and necessary precautions, especially in low-income areas. Additionally, deforestation, land degradation, and environmental stress can arise from biomass production, depending on resource management [6].

E. Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy uses the heat of earth's rocks to generate electricity. It involves touching a hot underground pool and using steam or hot water to power a turbine. Geothermal energy offers compelling benefits as a sustainable source. It operates without the need for fuel, requires minimal land and water, and holds potential as a reliable energy solution. However, there are limitations to consider. The fluids extracted from deep within the Earth may contain harmful gases, which if released could contribute to environmental issues like global warming, acid rain, and radiation. Emission control systems are needed to manage potential exhaust, especially from acid and volatile compounds. Furthermore, caution is warranted when handling hot water from geothermal sources, as cooling can release toxic chemicals into the environment. Additionally, constructing geothermal power plants may impact land stability. Careful management and technological solutions are essential to maximize the advantages of geothermal energy while mitigating its limitations [7].

III. BENEFITS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

1. Sustainability: Renewable energy is inexhaustible and inexhaustible, ensuring continuity for future generations.
2. Environmental Benefits: Renewable energy produces almost no greenhouse gas emissions, thus reducing pollution and health effects.
3. Energy Security: Diversifying energy sources with renewables can enhance energy security and reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels.
4. Job Creation: The renewable energy sector can create new job opportunities in manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and research.
5. Economic Growth: Investing in renewable energy infrastructure can stimulate economic growth and promote technological advancements.[8]

IV. LITERATURE REVIEW

In a world characterized by escalating energy requirements, ecological apprehensions, and the finite nature of fossil fuel reservoirs, the investigation into alternative energy sources has gained paramount importance. In this context, renewable energy emerges as a propitious remedy, presenting an ecologically sustainable approach to fulfilling our escalating energy requisites. Renewable energy resources leverage natural mechanisms that possess an innate capacity for perpetual replenishment, encompassing elements like solar radiations, wind currents, hydropower, and geothermal warmth. As humanity confronts the complexities of climate change and the urgency to transition towards more sustainable energy paradigms, a comprehensive comprehension of the potentialities and confines of renewable energy resources becomes imperative. This literature synthesis endeavors to offer a thorough examination of the present standing of renewable energy, its pivotal role in addressing energy exigencies, and the technological strides that have facilitated its assimilation into contemporary energy frameworks. By surveying prevailing research and advancements, this review seeks to illuminate the evolving significance of renewable energy in sculpting the trajectory of our global energy outlook.

This document presents a comprehensive survey of the progress achieved in enhancing skills related to renewable energy. It encompasses domains like wind, wave, and tidal energy, photovoltaic (PV) systems, and biomass energy. The document examines the intricate connections between market expansion, innovation, and regulatory frameworks in the advancement of renewable energy. It provides a concise overview of significant concerns associated with each major category of renewable energy technology. This exploration contributes to a thorough analysis of potential growth avenues and cost-efficiency enhancements. Furthermore, the paper outlines essential policy considerations in this context [9]. Expanding on the earlier discussion, this paper delves into the profound promise of renewable energy sources, pivotal for our future energy needs. It echoes the prior findings of ample renewable energy flows surpassing current human consumption. Likewise, it reiterates the role of existing technologies in effectively harnessing these flows for modern energy needs. Technological progress remains central, driving competitiveness and cost reduction, echoing the advancements of the past decade. The study also underscores the broader market potential when factoring in environmental and security considerations. In sum, it offers a comprehensive overview of renewable energy's status, potential, and the challenges to surmount for a sustainable energy future [10]. The comprehensive panorama of renewable energy sources, encompassing biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal, tidal, wind, and solar power are discuss in this paper. It delves into the foundational principles underpinning distinct renewable energy systems, with a particular spotlight on promising technologies such as solar thermal systems, photovoltaic, and wind power. Importantly, the paper not only delves into the technological facets but also conscientiously addresses challenges within the energy sector. In this manner, it embraces a holistic approach, amalgamating disciplines spanning mathematics, engineering, climate studies, and economics. This approach offers readers a broader grasp of renewable energy technologies and their inherent potential, echoing the overarching themes of the prior study [11]. Achieving the desired goals for renewable energy poses a significant challenge, necessitating increased research, educational efforts, and support. These initiatives are crucial for fostering the implementation of technological engineering, both in harnessing current resources and exploring novel opportunities within the realm of renewable energy. The paper underscores the idea that a strategic focus on enhancing renewable energy integration within the transportation sector, leveraging the anticipated widespread availability of biofuel infrastructure, holds promise in realizing the stipulated objectives and standards. It is proposed that such measures could contribute to attaining a renewable energy mix of 23% by 2025 and further progressing to 31% by 2050 [12]. This paper presents an inclusive examination of the technological, economic, and political dimensions concerning renewable energy, with a specific emphasis on the European standpoint. It delves into a range of renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal, assessing their capacity to curtail greenhouse gas emissions and alleviate the impacts of climate change. Additionally, the document underscores the pivotal role played by policies and regulations in fostering the uptake of renewable energy sources. It further proposes that the emerging new energy market holds substantial advantages for the electrical machines industry. Collectively, the paper offers a succinct overview of the rapidly evolving renewable energy sector and its potential to revolutionize the energy panorama [13]. The inherent potential of renewable energy sources lies in their ability to offer energy services while producing minimal to no emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases. The authors underline the significant scale of renewable energy flux compared to current human energy consumption. This implies that, in theory, all our present and future energy requisites can be fulfilled through renewable energy sources.

The paper also acknowledges the existence of technologies capable of converting these renewable energy flows into contemporary energy carriers or directly into the desired energy services. The authors propose that by strategically accelerating the widespread adoption of renewable energy, a mere fraction of naturally abundant renewable energy flux could potentially meet all global energy demands within a century [14]. The renewable energy technologies have the potential to provide energy with negligible emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases. It emphasizes the need for increased government support and private sector participation to leverage the potential of renewable energy sources in India. The paper also provides information about the current status of renewable energy sources in India, their future potentials, major achievements, and current government policies, delivery, and outreach in the Indian context. Overall, the paper paints a remarkable picture of renewable energy resources and the position of India on the global map in utilizing these resources [15]. The mathematical models and software systems developed at the Melentiev Energy Systems Institute make it possible to study the efficiency of using renewable energy sources both in local autonomous energy systems and at the levels of regions and the world energy system as a whole. The role of fossil fuel will remain significant in the nearest decades. However, if scenarios involving constraints on CO2 emissions are realized by the end of the first quarter of the 21st century, traditional sources of energy will be gradually displaced by technologies using carbon-free energy resources, including renewable energy sources such as hydraulic energy, biomass, geothermal, wind, and solar energy. The paper also describes an approach applied to modeling methods for economically stimulating the use of renewable energy sources. In independent decentralized power systems used in Russia, it is economically efficient (under conditions favorable for renewable energy sources) to construct small hydraulic power plants, biomass-fired power plants, wind power plants (including those for producing hydrogen by electrolysis and subsequently using it in fuel cells), and use solar energy for heat supply purposes in the southern regions of the country. Simulation of markets with participation of renewable energy sources shows that they can be organized in a way that gives incentives to investors, producers, and consumers of energy for making the power system structure, as well as the modes of energy production and consumption, close to the optimal ones from the viewpoint of the economy as a whole [16]. The renewable energy technologies provide an excellent opportunity for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and reducing global warming by substituting conventional energy sources. The paper provides an overview of the development and scope of CO2 mitigation for clean and sustainable development through various renewable energy sources. The paper also highlights the potential of renewable energy sources such as solar cookers, water heaters, dryers, biofuels, improved cook stoves, and hydrogen. The paper concludes that the use of renewable energy sources can lead to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions and petroleum consumption [17]. Renewable energy sources hold a pivotal role within the global energy consumption landscape, driven by the persistent apprehensions regarding climate change. The adoption of renewable energy technologies has the potential to significantly curtail carbon dioxide emissions by substituting fossil fuels in both power generation and transportation sectors. The document underscores the imperative of advancing renewable energy supply and utilization due to the adverse and irreversible external impacts associated with conventional energy extraction and consumption. Various renewable energy supply technologies and energy efficiency approaches are explored, along with a balanced assessment of their merits and drawbacks. The paper also delves into potential policy interventions that can effectively mitigate carbon emissions. Ultimately, the study concludes that while there exists no universally applicable remedy for all energy challenges, the optimal solution resides in location-specific considerations among a range of feasible renewable alternatives [18]. This document offers insights into both current and future renewable energy resources, encompassing their applications, growth trajectory, and enabling technologies. It emphasizes their remarkable potential to exceed global energy demand and covers various sources like solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass, alongside essential technologies such as power electronics and smart grids. The objective is to provide original information to guide researchers and policymakers in making informed decisions about the future of energy [19]. This paper addresses the rapid surge in energy consumption, particularly in recent decades, and the resulting concerns of depleting global petroleum and resources in the near future. The heavy use of fossil fuels has visibly harmed the environment in various ways. About 90% of energy consumption is sourced from fossil fuels. The dependence on non-renewable natural resources due to industrialization and population growth underpins our economy and technologies. The paper emphasizes the need for renewable energy resources and highlights the downsides of relying on finite fossil fuels. However, specific methodology and results are not provided  [20]. The increasing share of global energy demand that electricity consumption will comprise during the next two decades. The increasing prices of fossil fuels and concerns about the environmental consequences of greenhouse gas emissions have renewed the interest in the development of alternative energy resources. The paper emphasizes that renewable energy is now considered a more desirable source of fuel than nuclear power due to the absence of risk and disasters. The paper also discusses different policies that could be applied to reducing carbon emissions, such as enhancing renewable energy deployment and encouraging technological innovations.

In particular, the paper presents different renewable energy supply technologies including solar, wind and hydro power, geothermal and other sources, and different energy use efficiency technologies. The paper concludes that there is no single solution to every energy need and problem, but rather an optimal location-specific solution among a set of possible renewable solutions [21]. The comprehensive review of renewable energy sources, sustainability issues, and climate change mitigation. The authors analyze the opportunities and challenges associated with renewable energy sources and provide policy recommendations to achieve the goal of renewable energy. The paper aims to examine the potentials and trends of sustainable development with renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation, the extent to which it can help and the potential challenges it poses, and how a shift from fossil to renewable energy sources is a sure way of mitigating climate change [22]. The issue of energy security in Southeast Asia (SEA) and the dominance of fossil energy in the region's energy mix. The paper highlights the obstacles to the expansion of renewable energy in SEA and the need for a comprehensive approach to ensure the energy requirements of the regional countries and their social and economic development. The paper also discusses the relationship between sustainable development and sustainable energy in SEA and how renewables could benefit the region's sustainable development. Finally, the paper provides certain policy recommendations for SEA on how to deal with regional countries' energy insecurity by removing the obstacles to the expansion of renewables in the regional countries [23]. This providing an increasing number of indicators point to an accelerating energy transition that can have profound implications for energy supply and demand in the coming decades. The paper shows that rapid innovation is taking place that facilitates the ongoing transition through falling costs of renewable technologies and also enabling technologies such as batteries. The share of renewable energy can grow from 15% in 2015 to 63% of total primary energy supply in 2050 as this paper shows. Such renewables growth in combination with higher energy efficiency can provide 94% of the emissions reduction that is needed to stay within the limits of the Paris Climate Agreement. The paper also highlights the need for infrastructure planning early on, as it will be of paramount importance because of its carbon lock-in effect due to long life span and inertia [24]. The authors suggest that it would be best to avoid renewable energy as a term altogether and instead to conceptualize energy sources based on their carbon emissions and whether they are based on combustion or not. They call upon the research community to develop and use more accurate concepts and descriptions to measure and communicate the desired policies and end-states, instead of relying on old concepts which, while widely used in common parlance, are increasingly removed from the reality. They also call for more attention to be paid to the "bait and switch" tactics used by politicians and industry lobbyists to sell questionable energy sources as "renewable", and to the fossil fuel firms using renewables-compatibility as a marketing tool. The authors urge for energy policies that are focused on emissions rather than problematic and tendentious renewability [25]. This paper discuss the remote sensing and GIS techniques are useful for exploring renewable energy resources. The authors present several case studies from different parts of the world that use remote sensing and GIS techniques to explore optimal locations for renewable energy resources. The paper concludes that a combination of different techniques is more efficient for the task of exploring renewable energy resources. The authors believe that the conclusions and recommendations drawn from the case studies and the literature reviewed in the present study will be valuable to renewable energy scientists and policymakers [26]. This literature survey extensively reviews the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. Analyzing 50 papers from major energy journals (2009-2020), it identifies no clear consensus due to factors like climate, consumption patterns, economic development stages, and methodology differences. The paper suggests policy recommendations for renewable energy policymakers based on the authors' findings [27]. This paper examines the capacity of renewable energy sources to fulfill upcoming energy needs. The authors contend that, given resource depletion and greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy must play a dominant role in the future energy landscape. However, when factoring in energy production costs, the feasibility of renewable energy supplying close to 1000 EJ by 2050 appears improbable. Additionally, ongoing climate change could diminish the overall technical potential of renewable energy. Consequently, a worldwide transition to renewable energy must coincide with significant reductions in overall energy consumption for the sake of environmental sustainability [28]. The scoping review of research on renewable energy, sustainability, and the environment. The authors compared a total of 92,873 publications from 123 Scopus sources for 2020-2021 using the scoping review method. The results show that the most cited works in the sample are by authors from the Asian region, and their research focuses on the security, efficiency, and reliability of separate elements in energy systems. The paper also discusses the problems regarding COVID disease along with the renewable energy sources, perovskite and organic solar panels, nanostructured materials, and high energy density. Finally, the paper analyses applications of computer science methods in research on renewable energy, sustainability, and the environment. The findings show that recent advancements in computer science methods were not extensively used in the discussed research domain and give a great room for novel strategies of pronging, simulation, and processes optimization [29].

This comprehensive overview covers a wide range of renewable energy aspects, analyzing advancements in skills like wind, wave, tidal, PV systems, and biomass energy, while emphasizing market dynamics and regulatory frameworks. It critically evaluates the feasibility of meeting future energy needs with renewables, considering factors such as costs, climate impacts, and the need for reduced consumption. The study explores various renewable sources like biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal, wind, and solar power, highlighting both their potential and challenges. It discusses India's role and the importance of government and private sector support for sustainability. The paper proposes shifting energy discourse to emissions considerations, examines GIS techniques for resource deployment, scrutinizes the relationship between renewable consumption and economic growth, and identifies trends in renewable research.

Conclusion

This review paper concludes by highlighting the promising potential of renewable energy as a viable solution to address escalating global energy demand. It highlights the key role that renewable energy sources can play in addressing the challenges posed by climate change and the urgent need to move to more sustainable energy practices. The review paper takes an in-depth look at both the strengths and limitations of renewable energy resources, shedding light on their significance in shaping the future of our global energy landscape. By examining the various facets of renewable energy, the paper underscores how these resources can fundamentally influence the trajectory of our energy outlook on a global scale. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the strategic importance of integrating renewable energy sources into our energy mix. This integration not only serves to reduce the ecological footprint associated with traditional energy sources but also helps to decrease our reliance on finite and depleting resources. The result is a commendable achievement of greater energy self-reliance, which can have far-reaching positive implications for economies and societies. In a comprehensive manner, this review paper provides a thorough analysis of the current state of renewable energy, delving into its multifaceted significance in shaping the course of our global energy future. By examining the opportunities and challenges presented by renewable energy, the paper offers valuable insights into how these resources can contribute to a more sustainable and resilient energy paradigm.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Neetu Singh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.