An Experimental Study on Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Glass Powder

Abstract

Currently India has taken a major initiative on developing the infrastructures such as express highways, power projects, and industrial structures to meet the requirements of globalization in the construction field, which involves the construction of buildings and other structures. Concrete plays the key role in the construction field and a large quantity of concrete is being utilized in every construction practices. To increase the strength of concrete the water/cement ratio has to be reduced, which in turn increases the cement content. To overcome low workability problem different kinds of admixtures are used to achieve the required workability. The sugarcane bagasse ash which is usually disposed can be used as an alternate for cement, since SCBA is rich in silica content and also sufficient calcium content. The SCBA is used in different combination to find the feasibility of using the SCBA as an alternate to cement. The cement is replaced by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by the weight of cement and by keeping the replacement of glass powder for cement as constant that is 10% by weight of cement. The concrete cubes are casted and compression and split tensile tests were carried out to find the best combination which results in optimum percentage of strength.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Concrete is being widely used for the construction of most of the building, bridges and other structures and it also known as backbone to the infrastructures development of a nation. At present for a variety of reasons, the concrete industry is not sustainable. Firstly it consumes huge amount of natural resource due to which no virgin material will be left for future generation. Secondly the major component of concrete is cement. A large amount of greenhouse gases will be emitted in the manufacturing process of cement. Thirdly, concrete structures suffer from a durability problem due to which natural resources are wasted therefore, there is a need to find an alternative method so that concrete industry becomes sustainable. In the past, sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and glass powder (GP) were disposed into the nature. This created a several environmental and health concerns. The sugarcane bagasse ash              is obtained from the sugarcane industry and glass powder is also a industrial waste. Instead of disposing these materials into land fills  they can be effectively used in the production of concrete as a supplementary to the cement. Both sugarcane bagasse ash and glass powder are rich in silica content and also have sufficient amount of calcium content. Hence the waste materials like sugarcane bagasse ash and glass powder can be used in the partial replacement of cement in concrete production.

II. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. To investigate the best mix proportion for the partial replacement of sugarcane bagasse ash and glass powder for cement by the different strength values obtained for different sample specimens.
2. To investigate the feasibility of the partial replacement of sugarcane bagasse ash and glass powder in concrete by determining its compressive strength.
3. To find the optimum percentages of sugarcane bagasse ash and glass powder to obtain the optimum compressive strength values.
4. To reduce the cost of major materials used in concrete by replacing it with cheaper materials such as sugarcane bagasse ash and glass powder.
5. To increase the strength and durability of concrete by using suitable replacement materials.

III. LITERATURE REVIEW

1. K GANESAN (2007)  studied the effects of sugarcane bagasse ash content as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement on physically and mechanically properties of hardened concrete. They found that the sugarcane bagasse ash was an effective material, with 20% as optimal replacement ratio of cement.
2. Mr. RASHEED (2014)  Milling of glass to micro-meter scale particle size, for enhancing the reactions between glass and cement hydrates, can bring major energy, environmental and economical benefits, when cement is partially replaced with milled waste glass as aggregate in concrete. Studies also focused on usage of waste glass as aggregate in concrete. Study on durability of concrete with waste glass pointed better performance against chloride permeability in long term but there is concern about alkali-silica reaction. Several researches show that at the higher age recycled glass provide compressive strengths exceeding those of control concretes.
3. Mrs. LAVANYA M R  had studied on compressive strength of concrete by partial replacement of cement with sugarcane bagasse ash. The feasibility of using sugarcane bagasse ash, a finely grounded waste product from sugarcane industry, as partial replacement for cement in conventional concrete is examined. The tests were conducted as per Bureau of Indian Standards  (BIS) codes to evaluate the stability of  sugarcane bagasse ash for partial replacement up to 30%  of cement with varying  water cement ratio (w/c). They showed that addition of sugarcane bagasse ash results in improvements of strength in all cases and according to the results obtained. It can be concluded that sugarcane bagasse ash can increase the overall strength of concrete when used up to a 15% cement replacement level with W/C ratio of 0.35, sugarcane bagasse ash is valuable pozzolanic material and it can potentially be used as a partial replacement for cement.

IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS

A.  Cement

The cement used in this project is ordinary Portland cement which is 53 grade & the name of the cement is Coromandel king.

C. Glass Powder

Million tons of waste glass is being generated annually all over the world. once the glass becomes the waste it is disposed as landfills, which is unsustainable as this does not decompose in the environment. Glass is principally composed of silica and it also possesses sufficient amount of calcium. The waste glass pieces are milled by using milling equipment and then the milled glass is used in concrete as a partial replacement of cement could be an important step towards the development of sustainable infrastructure systems. When the waste glass is milled down to micro size particles, it is expected to undergo pozzolanic reactions with the cement hydrates, forming secondary calcium silicate hydrate.

In this present study the chemical properties of glass will be evaluated being non-biodegradable in nature, glass disposal has landfill has environmental impacts as the land filling will be expensive. Hence it is better to use glass powder as a partial replacement for a cement.

VI. METHODOLOGY

1. In the present study, we have used concrete cube moulds of size (150*150*150) mm for the compression test & cylindrical moulds of size 150*300 mm for split tensile strength.
2. The specimens are casted for M20 grade concree where cement is partially replaced by sugarcane bagasse ash (0 to 20% ) and glass powder (10%).
3. Hand mixing is use for concrete mixing.
4. After casting required specimens, the specimens will be cured by the normal water at the   room temperature.
5. After curing the cubes are subjected to compression test for 7, 14, and 28 days & cylinders are subjected to split tensile strength test for 28 days by using compression testing machine at the rate of loading of 140 Kg/cm2 or 14 N/mm2/min as per IS 516-1959.

A. Casting, Demoulding, And Curing

By referring to IS 10262-2009 and IS 456-2000, the mix design is carried out for M20 grade of concrete. The required materials are batched based on the values obtained by mix design. The proportion of cement, sand and coarse aggregate is 1:1.7:2.84.  At first the mix design values are calculated for 1 m3 volume and then it computed for standard cube moulds of size 150x150x150 mm & cylindrical moulds of size (150x300) mm. For each fraction of volume of sugarcane bagasse ash and glass powder, two cube moulds are casted and quantities of each materials are calculated for those standard values of the moulds and one cylindrical mould is casted.

VII. TESTS ON CONCRETE

A. Tests On Fresh Concrete

Standard slump test

The standard slump test is the most well-known and widely used test method to characterize the workability of fresh concrete. The inexpensive standard slump test which measures the consistency, is used on job sites to determine rapidly whether a concrete batch should be accepted or rejected.

Table 8 Slump values of all the samples

B. Tests On Hardened Concrete

1)  Compressive Strength

The compressive strength of concrete that is ultimate strength of concrete is defined as the load which causes failure of the specimen divided by the area of the cross section in the uniaxial compression, under a given rate of loading. To avoid large variation in the result of compression test, great care is taken during the casting of the specimens and while applying load as well. However it is compulsory to conduct the test in uniaxial compression only. Concrete under tri-axial state can offer more resistance and will fail only after considerably large deformations. Compressive testing machine is used to test and determine the compressive strength of the concrete cubes. The formula used to calculate the compressive strength is given below :

Conclusion

1) The compressive strength of concrete was higher than the conventional concrete for 10% sugarcane bagasse ash and 10% glass powder replacement by the weight of cement at 7, 14, & 28 days of curing ages. However further increase in replacement percentages lowers the compressive strength of concrete. 2) The split tensile strength of concrete in which cement was replaced by 10% SCBA & 10 & Glass Powder was higher than conventional concrete. However further increase in replacement percentages lowers the split tensile strength of concrete. 3) Glass powder and SCBA can be used as partial replacement for cement in concrete which helps in reduction of construction cost. 4) The optimum replacement of cement by SCBA and Glass Powder is 10% and 10%, further increase in the replacement percentages results in reduction of concrete strength. A. Scope For Future Work 1) Durability of concrete with partial replacement of cement by SCBA and glass powder can be studied. 2) Alkali aggregate reaction of concrete with partial replacement of cement by SCBA and Glass Powder can be studied. 3) Behavior due to acid attack of concrete with partial replacement of cement by SCBA and Glass Powder can be studied.

References

[1] Dr. G. Vijayakumar, Ms. H. Vishaliny & Dr. D. Govindaraju, “ Studies on glass powder as partial replacement of cement in concrete production” International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 2, February 2013) . [2] Mr. T. Subramani, Mr. M. Prabhakaram, “ Experimental study on Bagasse Ash in concrete” International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (ISSN 2319-4847, Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015 [3] M S Shetty, “ Concrete Technology and Practice” 7th edition Textbook, printed by the S Chand and Company Limited. [4] H S Vishwanath, “ Concrete Technology and Practice” 7th edition Textbook, printed by the S Chand and Company Limited. [5] P M Dhotrad, “ Concrete Technology and Practice” 7th edition Textbook, printed by the S Chand and Company Limited. [6] IS: 10262-2009, “Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. [7] IS: 456-2000, “Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Nithin B J, Pooja M, Poornima B S, Praveen Kumar S B, Saif Saqlain, Akshay Kumar H S. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.