Design and Analysis of Rectangular and Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna

Abstract

Recently, the popularity of microstrip patch antennas has increased due to their favourable radiation characteristics, ease of fabrication and analysis, low cost, and lightweight design. Patch antennas have many benefits, but they also have certain disadvantages, like poor gain, narrow bandwidth, and the possibility of radiation pattern distortion and reduction. A design, modelling, and study of circular and rectangular microstrips patch antenna are presented in this study. It talks about the performance of antennas based on front-to-back ratio, bandwidth, 3D radiation pattern, reflection loss, and Reflection factor coefficient at the inlet. The design of the antennas has to resonate and are built on a FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 0.71 mm and a Permittivity ratio (?r) of 10, supplied by a 50 ? microstrip feed line. The bandwidth of the rectangular patch antenna was 0.17GHz with a 6.37dBi gain. The circle patch antenna simultaneously displays a bandwidth of 6.53dBi and 0.16GHz. The rectangular antenna outperforms the circular antenna in terms of bandwidth, according to a comparison of their respective performances. Although circulars have better gains than rectangulars, circulars are superior at achieving good matching. Consequently, the antennas can be an excellent fit for applications requiring fixed end-to-end links.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Utilizing antennas possessing high bandwidth and minimal loss is crucial for enhancing connectivity in today's wireless and mobile communication landscape (Alam et al., 2015).

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The notion of microstrip patch antenna radiators dates back to 1953; nonetheless, it garnered noteworthy recognition in the 1970s with the availability of appropriate substrates (Kumar & Srivastava, 2010; Free & Aitcheson, 2022). Because of their benefits—such as being lightweight, affordable, and simple to fabricate using existing circuit technology—microstrip patch antennas have become a popular option (Nasidi & Bello, 2022). Narrow bandwidth, poor gain, and non-directional emission pattern are problems with microstrip patch antennas, though (Schantz, 2004). There have been several documented ways to increase the gain of microstrip patch antennas in the literary works. For example, a triple-band circular patch antenna operating at 5.8 GHz, 2.4 GHz, and 1.8 GHz was designed by Parveen T. et al. in 2019. Our target frequency, 1.8GHz, had a gain of 5.5dBi thanks to the patch antenna's slot creation. A circular microstrip patch antenna with three rings situated on the patch and a finite ground plane was created by (Sharma et al., 2022). The antenna's meagre 1.3dBi gain was attained. Umayah and Srivastava (2020) constructed a planar antenna by utilising a surrounding cylindrical patch antenna. A gain of 3.74dBi was attained by the design. The author of (Ramya & Gupta, 2022) compares a sector patch antenna that is circularly polarised and has a fractal defective ground structure. The system runs at 1.8 GHz. It offers a gain between 3.39 and 3.75 dBi. Additionally, (AL-Amoudi, 2021) created antennas with a variety of patch forms, including elliptical, circular, and rectangular ones. With a gain/directivity of 5dBi, the antenna is fashioned like a rectangular patch. A further way to enhance antenna performance is to maximise the size of the microstrip feedline. Suganthis et al. (2014) demonstrated enhanced antenna performance, namely a gain of 6.37dBi and a return loss of -29.2133, using this method. The circular patch antenna simultaneously displays a bandwidth of 6.53dBi and 0.16GHz. The rectangular antenna outperforms the circular antenna in terms of bandwidth, according to a comparison of their respective performances. Although circulars have better gains than rectangulars, circulars are superior at achieving good matching. Supratha and Robinson devised a square spiral antenna in order to increase the bandwidth of a microstrip antenna. At 2.4GHz, the intricate architecture could only muster a meagre 593MHz bandwidth conventional shape, albeit at high frequencies—were also used to characterise the performance of microstrip patch antennas. The performance of these approaches is compromised in that Low gain tends to correspond with high loss, and conversely.

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 When bandwidth is increased. This study presents the structure and examination of a Microstrips patch Antennas using both circular and rectangular patches. Complete antennas characteristics are studies that consist of front-to-back ratio, gain, radiation pattern, bandwidth, and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). The antenna performs admirably in every area that is being studied. Applications involving point-to-point links may find use for it.

II. METHODOLOGIES

In this work, the antennas are designed and analysed using computer-simulated software, or CST. Thick substrates with low dielectric constants are recommended for wider bandwidth and more effective antenna performance. Thus, a FR4 substrate that is readily available in the market is selected, with a width of 0.71 mm and a permittivity ratio (εr) of 10. The substrate's rear side acts as a grounded surface, while the patches are patterned on its front side. It is intended for the ground plane to be endless. A microstrip feedline that has a low insertion and matching impedance is used to feed the antenna patch. So, an impedance with a characteristic of 50? is employed. The Thickness Wf and Length Lf of the microstrip feedline were estimated by the formulas in the source cited (Balanis, 2005)Top of Form

The design seeks to produce good radiation characteristics and Resonance occurring at a frequency of 1.8GHz with a greater add on. Because they have an impact on both the resonant frequency and performance, the antenna dimensions thus become quite important. The dimensions of rectangular and circular’s antenna can be calculated using the equation of the transmission line model (Balanis, 2005), as will be covered in the sections that follow.

Conclusion

The structure, modelling, and examination of circular shaped and rectangular shaped microstrip patch antennas supplied by microstrip transmission lines are presented in this study. The 1.8 GHz resonance of the antennas was intended. As it is designed to for use with low to medium capacity requirements, this band was selected. The rectangular shaped patch antenna exhibits a gain or diversity of 6.37dbi with a bandwidth of 0.17GHz. The circular patch antenna has a gain or directivity of 6.52dbi and a bandwidth of 0.16GHz. Since both antennas\' VSWR is almost perfect, they show good impedance matching. The rectangular patch antenna performs better in other metrics. On the other hand, the circular shaped patch antenna demonstrates superior performance in terms of gain or diversity and ratio to front to rear. In contrast, the rectangle shaped patch antenna outperforms in other performance metrics. The suggested antennas\' high gain could be utilised in applications involving fixed wireless point-to-point communications.

References

[1] M. AL-Amoudi, A. (2021). Study, Design, And Simulation for Microstrip Patch Antenna. Volume 2, Issue 2, pages 1–29, International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Review. [2] Navneet Sharma and colleagues (2021). Circularly Polarized CPW- Fed Antenna for ISM (5.8 GHz) and satellite Communication Applications. In Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN),pages 977-981. [3] Aitchison, C., S., Free, C., E., and (2022). In RF and Microwave Circuit Design: Theory and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2022, pp. 359-417, doi:10.1002/9781119332237. ch12. RF and Microwave Antenna. [4] N. Sharma A. Kumar, A. De, R. Jain (2021). Circularly Polarized for ISM (5.8 GHz), Satellite Communications and UWB Applications. In IEEE. [5] Srivastava, S. and Kumar, H. (2010). Journal of Telecommunications, vol. 2, pp. 58-63; Rectangular and circular antenna design on the thick substrate. [6] Maneesh (2017) and Satyendra S. The design and analysis of an L-band 1.8GHz hexagonal patch antenna. International Journal of Management and Engineering Research, Pages 297–302, Volume 4, Issue 3.

Copyright

Copyright © 2024 Arnav Gupta, Aryan Singh, Ayushi Rai. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.