Review of Oral Tablet

Abstract

Oral drug delivery is noninvasive, has a high rate of patient compliance, is easy to handle, and doesn\'t require any special sterile settings, it is the most popular method of administration. Nevertheless, a number of physical, biological, and pharmacological obstacles that certain medications must overcome in order to be absorbed into the systemic circulation reduce their therapeutic efficiency. The use of nanocarriers to deliver drugs orally has proven to be an effective solution to the aforementioned problems and is being explored as a potential replacement for oral medication administration. This chapter provides an overview of the latest developments in the use of nanocarriers for oral medication delivery in the treatment of different disorders. The chapter also describes how diverse nanocarrier designs and technologies improve therapeutic potential by overcoming physical, biological, and biochemical obstacles. it is easy to produce, has few sterility limitations, is less expensive, has flexible dosage form design, and has high patient compliance, oral drug delivery (ODD) is the most convenient and favored method of drug administration. However, low medication bioavailability—which is influenced by three crucial factors—is one of the difficulties associated with oral drug delivery. The other is solubility. Many mathematical models that predict the medication\'s rate of solubility and dissolution have been developed in order to achieve efficient drug absorption in vivo. Similarly, models that are noncellular and cellular determine permeability. Furthermore, the medication\'s behavior in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is influenced by physiological parameters, such as pH, microbial colonization, and enzymes, as well as intrinsic drug properties. A drug\'s dosage form is a method of getting it into a living organism. The medicine must be administered to the site of action at a rate and concentration that will maximize therapeutic benefit and minimize side effects in order to provide the intended result. Although the oral method is still commonly used, swallowing tablets and capsules can be a regular problem. As a result, numerous studies on cutting-edge drug delivery methods have been conducted. This review focuses on oral dispersible tablets, a novel approach to drug delivery systems that are currently more focused on formulation and set a new course that not only helped patients increase their level of therapy compliance.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

The most popular method of administering medication is orally. Because of its benefits, which include non-invasiveness, patient compliance, and ease of medication delivery, it is the most recommended method. Drug solubility, mucosal permeability, and stability in the gastrointestinal tract environment are some of the variables that control oral drug absorption. Understanding the physicochemical, biochemical, metabolic, and biological obstacles that restrict the total drug bioavailability has been the focus of efforts to overcome these constraints. To improve oral drug absorption, a variety of pharmaceutical technologies and drug delivery methods, such as cyclodextrins, micelles, nanocarriers, and lipid-based carriers, have been investigated. In order to achieve this, the review will go over the pharmacological and physiological barriers that affect a drug's bioavailability when taken orally, along with both traditional and cutting-edge drug delivery techniques. Due to benefits like patient choice, cost-effectiveness, ease of large-scale manufacturing of oral dosage forms, and comfort of drug administration via the oral route, oral medication is the most often used method of drug administration. Approximately 60% of well- known small-molecule pharmaceutical drugs that are sold commercially are taken orally. According to current estimates, oral formulations account for approximately 90% of all pharmaceutical formulations sold worldwide that are meant for human consumption. Approximately 84% of the most popular pharmaceutical medicines are taken orally, and their current market worth is $35 billion, growing at a rate of 10% per year. Not with standing these benefits, there are still a number of difficulties in creating oral formulations, which are mostly related to the physicochemical characteristics of medications, such as their low water solubility and membrane permeability. Physiological obstacles such as pH, efflux transporters, and metabolic enzymes, combined with the poor chemical and biological stability of medications, can also limit their absorption. Additionally, some medications may result in nausea and localized discomfort (Rubbens et al., 2018). Numerous research conducted over the past 40 years have attempted to understand the mechanisms underlying medication stability in GI fluids, intestinal transit, drug absorption and transport, and the GI tract's microenvironment (Daugherty and Mrsny, 1999; Reix et al., 2012). Therefore, developing oral medication delivery devices requires a deep comprehension of the physicochemical.

II. ORAL TABLET OVERVIEW

Oral solid dose (OSD) products exist in a variety of forms, and those forms translate into a range of production methods and facility layouts. The process of producing a medication that is meant to be taken orally. Gummies, effervescence, soft gels, tablets, capsules, small molecules, and pills. All of these are what are known as oral solid dosage (OSD) forms, which are final drug product therapies that are swallowed, dissolved in the digestive system, and absorbed into the bloodstream to give the medication body.When Englishman William Brockedon developed tablets containing compressed sodium and potassium carbonate in1842, the world saw the birth of this extensively utilized and well-researched drug delivery method. This substance served as both an antacid and a calcium supplement. Oral solid dosage medication products are currently the  most  often  prescribed  dosage  form  by  doctors  for  a  range  of  conditions. There are three key reasons why oral solid dose is such a popular delivery method. It is reasonably simple to use, and it is simple to identify one oral.

III. FACTOR AFFECTING ON ORAL TABLET

solubility The primary physicochemical factors influencing the rate and degree of oral medication absorption are thought to be permeability and solubility; however, additional physicochemical characteristics constantly influence permeability and, which in turn affects drug absorption. An overview of the patient- and drug-specific factors that can influence drug absorption after oral product administration is given in this article. Any chemical substance absorbed orally represents a complicated range of processes. A product's bioavailability is influenced by permeability, in vivo dissolving rate, and medication solubility. The Biopharmaceutics Classification System has shown to be a useful tool in this regard for identifying substances that are probably linked to bioavailability issues. It also aids in determining the variables that could change the pace and degree of drug absorption. Factors related to the patient, such as the health of their gastrointestinal tract, their physiological state, the location of drug absorption, membrane transporters, presystemic drug metabolism (intrinsic variables), and external factors like

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Copyright © 2024 Amol Balasaheb Dupade, Pramod Shivaji Hirave, Vikas Bapurao Dadas. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.