A Review-on Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Pervious Concrete by Various Shape and Sizes of Aggregate

Abstract

A mixture of concrete and a water level of 0.35. Normally flowing concrete has little or no aggregate and has just enough cement to cover the coarse particles while maintaining the voids. In this paper the effects of aggression combined on concrete compression strength and PC stiffness, cubes were studied using experiments. The coarse aggregate shape used by the flaky is a penetrating effect but also reduces the power of the PC. cubes tossed using standard size, 20-10mm, 10-4.75mm green stones, pebbles and standard collections. It is well known that different types of mixing produce different levels of performance when applied to concrete mixes of given mixes and water / cement ratios. Flaky is a term used for flat and thin aggregates in terms of their width and height. Weak ratings will reduce the performance of the concrete mix and may affect long-term durability. Three compounds of PCs were prepared in different types of composites [stone, angular and stone]. The study concluded that the integrated type has a significant impact on PC properties. And finally review some of the exploratory methods currently being developed to find a continuous concrete and summarize the research methods under consideration.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

In pervious concrete the most important and basic principal which turns out to be different from other types of concrete like PCC and RCC because, it has no fine aggregates in it. The lack of sand in pervious concrete results in a very harsh mix with a rough textured, and a honeycombed surface. To achieve the permeability, pervious concrete is typically designed with high void content (15%-30%). Due to the high void content, pervious concrete has lower compressive strength and less unit weight of approximately 70% of conventional concrete. The main difference between pervious concrete and conventional concrete pavements lies in the fact that the amount of fines are reduced/eliminated in gradations used in pervious concrete paving mixtures.

Table :  Typical* Ranges of Materials Proportions in Pervious Concrete (ACI 2010)**

Pervious concrete also has interconnected voids and because of that water will percolate and spread in all direction which is not possible if those joints are not interconnected. In order to produce porous concretes with improved static strength and the target dynamic properties, compositional characteristics such as aggregate properties, grading and cement paste properties as well as the compaction technique to be used had to be investigated and modified. The pervious concrete strength therefore depends primarily on the properties of the paste and the interface between the paste and the aggregate. Optimum range of water cement ratio for both strength and permeability point of view ranges from 0.28 to 0.40.Among all the parameters, aggregate properties have an important effect on the rheological as well as the mechanical properties of porous concrete. It is accepted also for normal concrete that aggregates having particles at a wide range of sizes facilitate an improved packing up to a threshold, provided that there is sufficient cement paste present in the mixture.

A. Important Mixture Proportioning And Effect Of Particle Shape Factors

A solid aggregate comprises a large portion of the material found in concrete. Increasing levels of exposure caused by reduced mud cover may require a strong aggregate type. With composite particles of the same size, the crushed material has a higher surface area than round particles. As the performance of flowing concrete occurs by coating the mud between the coarse aggregate particles and by mixing to aggregate the mixture, a mixture with high angularity will reduce performance compared to a smooth aggregate mixture.

Flowing concrete consists of composite particles covered with mud mixed with small contact areas. The load is transferred by the mud to the aggregate and other particles and the force is strongly influenced by the mud to bond the bond. Angular with a rough texture has better bond characteristics than a smooth aggregate. The rough cluster used in the scattering is the result that it interferes more but also reduces the power of the PC. Combined compositions should maximize the empty space to allow the addition of adhesive cement, as well as the density of the cement to maintain penetration. . But you also have enough power for the system needed. The extra sand creates a thick layer of mud and high strength but reduces the surface area and accessibility. Similar to bonding, adequate cement bond must be installed to properly cover the particles attached to the transfer load, but to extend concrete strength by accessibility and performance. but if possible rough texture results in high adhesion strength between the particles and the cement matrix. Similarly, the higher surface area of ??the angular aggregate means that greater adhesion strength can be improved. The shape and texture of the surface of the clusters influence fresh concrete features more than hard concrete. Typically, irregular, angular, and expanded particles require additional adhesive cement than smooth and circular particles to produce a usable concrete mixture due to its high void content. In addition, adhesives with poorly formed or crushed compositions have high strength, especially strong strength, in the early days rather than cohesive concrete with a smooth or uniform texture as it is thought to produce a strong physical bond of cement.

Rounding measures the relative sharpness or angularity of the edges and corners of particles. Rounding is largely controlled by the strength and resistance to abrasion of the parent stone and the degree of aging that the particle has faced. In the case of a crushed aggregate, the composition of the particles depends not only on the shape of the parent rock but also on the type of crusher and its degree of reduction, i.e. the average size of the material fed into the crusher to the finished size. product. Particles with a high degree of high to high volume also have a particular interest in the performance of a given control compound. Loose particles come from the equi-dimensional shape of particles and have a large surface and are packaged in an isotropic manner.

The soft particles affect the hardness of the concrete, as the particles are usually directed at a single plane, with blood droplets and air gaps forming beneath them. Loosening and stretching tests are useful for general testing of composites but do not adequately describe the shape of the particles. Looseness and roughness have a positive effect on the performance of concrete. Scales that fall within a certain size range may have circular, cubical, angular, vertical or long particles. It is clear that the thinner and longer particles will have less strength and durability compared to the cubic, angular or 5 circular particles of the same aggregate. Scattered aggregate is avoided to make quality concrete. The presence of high percentage of empty aggregates makes mixing difficult and difficult to work with

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

The basic properties of the pervious concrete have been studied by researchers. Pervious concrete has large void ratio 15-40%, lower compressive strength, higher permeability and lower unit weight 70% than conventional concrete.

In 2020, GANGA V atl. studied about the pervious pabbles concrete with partial replacement of cement by GGBS,  Based on the analysis obtained result  that the compressive strength of the GGBS small rock mass is very similar or equal to ordinary concrete. It may be due to the slow growth of the initial energy due to mixing. Flexible concrete with composite stone and cement instead of 50% GBBS provides equal compressive strength compared to conventional flowing concrete. I the efficiency of joint access is increased by concrete and stone concrete by GGBS by 9% if compared with ordinary concrete. Concluding with the use of 50% GBBS stone concrete, we can reduce the cost of storm water management .Therefore it reduces the cost of the project and its inflow the rate is also very high, which is why it reduces the entry time again. It only takes a few minutes to browse through everything water in the soil and prevents spillage of water in parking lots and garden areas during heavy rains leading to an increase in the water table level.

In 2014, Tun Chi Fu atl. Studied about the influence of aggregate size and binder material on the various properties of pervious concrete The water coefficient and the associated porosity decreased with increasing binder values ??however increased with increasing combined size.

Continuous concrete with low w/c value bonds is high viscous, which helped to cover aggregates. This allows for sufficient bonding between the particles and effectively reduces excess bonds from blocking access to water, thus having an impact water infiltration. Under the same connected porosity, specimens with small particles they had small areas of parts inside connected voids, producing circular channels of water inlet. Examples include large ones the particles had large areas of parts and vertical paths. Therefore, the speed of the water entering the image varied, giving variations of flow volume. flowing water from the model.

Power machine model with commitments containing 10% silica fume were the best those of the control sample. This effect was not available Responsible samples of 20% were recognized or 30% silica fume, probably because of too much money silica smoke was added. So, right addition the amount of silica fume in binders can improve the overall operating capacity of full concrete.

Percentage of weight loss of continuous concrete sulfate attacks increased as a w/c ratio cement paste increased. Percentage of weight loss was exactly equal to the combined size, because the accumulation of large aggregates creates large voids, which created ways for sulfate to enter the images and create a reaction. Examples made of activated alkali of slag binder have shown higher resistance to sulfate attacks than those involving cement paste. he did.

In 2018, Barnali Debnath and Partha Pratim Sarkar studied  Pervious concrete as an alternative pavement material, in this paper reconnects the general situation related to the discovery and use of continuous concrete a paved area. Flowing concrete, fighting the current environmental concerns, play an important role to decorate a sustainable drainage system and become best management practice for rainwater management. I the purpose of this study was to compile all of the past researches in a paved concrete floor with a view to provide in-depth information on development illegal concrete for some researchers and developers who may be motivated by its prominence as a new paved way site. It is seen in the literature that there is a shortage of suitable way to design mix for pervious concrete mix and can is considered an important research gap. Most of this  the researchers used different measurements of the mixing considerations the various factors that make the subjects unmatched planning to integrate the design method. So, there is a need specificity of the design of the standard mix and the structural strength design a way to improve the relationship between different lessons by considering all design variables. Stressful the strength and flexibility of a fixed concrete mixture usually ranges from 1.06–27.7 MPa to 0.5–2.95 MPa, respectively; However, it has also been shown to be compressive the power and flexibility can be increased to 46.7 MPa and 7.4 MPa, respectively, when adjusted for additional accessories. As a result, the choice of building materials, combining measurements or the use of additional materials it needs to be upgraded and should be clarified in order to increase the durability, efficiency and longevity of the concrete pavement. Several practices once methods are summarized in this associated paper to prepare an advanced method of designing development mixes honesty.

Researchers have suggested the use of only concrete floor slab for basic and low volume road networks due to inefficiency under heavy loads. The improved design combination can also be helpful to expand the use of flexible concrete with medium / heavy volume road networks. In addition, there is a very limited amount of research available related to the relationship of the laboratory field. Therefore, accepted design method needs to be associated with how to install the field, as well as an analysis of the total pavement cost also needs to be done, which is considered research spaces. There are several ways to identify the feature of the concrete slab and various possible methods can also be used to correct a porous condition.

However, there is a ban on the proper way to exposing the porous nature is also considered a study gap. Continuous concrete is intended to serve as a sustainable drainage system and a few studies have been included in this paper demonstrating its penetration capacity and water benefits. However, this penetration capacity can be disrupted due to blockage of the pores, so the normal retention is very high. it is important to consider periodic cleaning and disassembly hollow concrete to withstand the efficient and long-term performance of the mortar. Several ways to unlock the stone pavement is mentioned in this paper, however, Further research is needed in this regard to determine its effectiveness and cost-effective recovery strategies. Lots of research they have already been made to identify improvement water level using these non-concrete and studies proved the effectiveness of continuous concrete in removing i polluting and suspended substances. However, a combination between this discharge position and the pore structure needs to be provided for the purpose of getting better results it can be an important future hope. pervious concrete too capable of calming Urban Heat Island (UHI) and noise the result is due to this hollow nature. But they are in comparison a few books available about this UHI control as well acoustic resistance of continuous concrete. Reading these pores features to control the effect of UHI and noise reduction it can also be a wide range of future research activities.

In this paper, the structure and specification of complete concrete, its mechanical strength and durability, in-situ use and hydrological and environmental features defined and accurate care features. Previous research suggests research gaps in this issue that are considered the future prospects of this study. If these the gaps can be adjusted correctly considering its general use, it can improve the design of the prepared mixture easily that can help to implement pervious concrete to functioning as a dual stable footwork system the use of pervious concrete can also be improved from low volume to medium / high volume traffic networks. What research spaces are considered fully, continuous concrete it may be a world-famous strategy and perhaps one of the best ways to build green infrastructure.

In 2021 Ma. Patricia Leriezz J atl. this study was able to produce flexible concrete that can be used for low traffic paved applications such as parking lots and sidewalks. The concrete was 17.94 MPa compressive strength with an acceptable input of 1.35 mm / s obtained from 9.5 mm for single level, angular aggregates with 70.90% PV / IPV. It was also confirmed that as in vain the content of flexible concrete increases, water infiltration increases but compressive strength decreases and with a 95% confidence level, no significant interaction among others boundaries.

As a result of the admixture, adding a VMA to the samples resulted in a high variance of 2.69%. content, 35.49% reduced entry level and 23.74% increased compression strength. The penetration and the empty content both satisfy the common characteristics of flexible concrete, therefore can be concluded that with the addition of VMA, it is possible to compress strength can be increased in the use of continuous concrete

In 2013, Darshan S. Shah on the basis of different structural inspection investigation on gravel, the following observations were made by the researcher: The direct gravity of 9.375 mm gravel is 1.93 and the 18.75 mm gravel is 2.60, which is satisfactory Gravity Specific limit according to IS code. Water absorption of 9.375 mm gravel 0.88% and 18.75 mm stones 0.51%, i.e. to satisfy the Water Absorption Limit according to IS Code. Overcrowding of both types of fossils found they come out the same, which satisfies the Bulk limit Congestion in accordance with the IS Code.

Gravel is best used with cement once water instead of combining wages to produce a special type of concrete.

In 2010, PrakashP atl. studied that the recycled aggregate has a relatively low density, crushing rate and impact and high water absorption compared to natural aggregates. The compressive strength of recycled aggregate in the current concrete is much lower than in natural aggregate concrete. Variation also depends on the original concrete from which the aggregates were obtained.

The compressive strength in the center of the distributed concrete cubes is determined as per IS. 516 uses CCW and natural compaction for 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days and is mounted on tables, in all types of flowing concrete. Continuous concrete mixes using natural aggregates that improve compression strength of 4.5 MPa to 26 MPa. Although i. Continuous concrete mixes using CCW have improved compression strength of 3.2 MPa to 18 MPa. The compressive strength of concrete used using CCW is lower than that of conventional concrete

made in the same proportions of mixing. Decreased CCW strength compared to natural value in conventional concrete consecutive 4-12% and 8.5-17% in M-20 & M-25 concrete respectively. The amount of energy reduction depends on parameters such as the grade of demolished concrete, the w / c ratio, the recycled total processing etc. As with any concrete, structures and combinations of materials, as well as placement techniques and natural conditions, it will make you expensive the real power is in place. Porosity of Pervious Concrete mixtures using Natural aggregates is in the range of 0.22 cm / s to 0.54 cm / s. Although i. Continuous concrete mixtures use CCW porosity marked 0.28 cm / s to 0.64 cm / s. The porosity of concrete used using CCW is slightly larger than conventional concrete made with the same proportions. Increased Porosity of CCW compared to the natural content in continuous concrete respectively 8-18% and 7-14% in M-20 & M-25 concrete respectively. The increase in Porosity depends on the flow rate of materials used in the preparation of continuous concrete.

Flexural strength in conventional concrete using Natural aggregates was less than 0.8 MPa and 3.6 MPa. Although continuous concrete mixtures use CCW, Flexural strength is considered to be 0.72 MPa and 2.88 MPa. Flexural strength of concrete used using CCW is slightly lower than conventional concrete made with the same proportions of the mixture. The decline in CCW Flexural strength compared to the natural total in moving concrete is 12-20% and 15-24% in the M-20. and M-25 concrete consecutively. Many factors influence the strength of flexibility, especially the degree of density, stiffness, and aggregate-to-siment rate (A / C). However, a standard application made of leaky concrete is not required a measure of the dynamic power of the design.

Drying of flexible concrete crumbs using advanced CCW, but much less common than conventional concrete using standard natural scales. Certain values ??are based on the materials and materials used, but the values ??are obtained by the system 0.002, about half that of ordinary concrete using natural compounds that include concrete. Low adhesion of material and mud is a possible explanation. Approximately 50% to 80% of cracks occur in the first 10 days, compared to 20% to 30% at the same time in concrete using standard natural scales.

In 2019,A.A. Ganiyuand O.A. Agbede, This research aim to investigate the influence of different type of aggregate on PC properties. Three PC mixtures were prepared with different aggregate types [Granite, Gravel and Recycled Concrete Aggregate(RCA)]. Physical and strength characteristics of the aggregates were analyzed. Density, porosity, permeability as well as compressive strength of PC made with these aggregates were measured. Results showed that PC made from RCA has the highest porosity and permeability as well as lowest density and compressive strength owing to the presence of adhered mortar on RCA.

However, highest density and compressive strength was obtained from granite PC followed by gravel and then RCA PC. Granite-PC had hardened density which is 7% and 18% higher than gravel and RCA PC while its compressive strength is 6.6% and 47.5% higher than gravel and RCA PC at 28 days respectively. It is concluded that aggregate types have signi_cant effect on PC properties.

In 2018, G.Rajeswari, investigation of this studies how to improve strength of PC The Design Mix Is Developed With Constant Percentage Of Coarse Aggregate And Altering The Proportions Of Coarse Aggregate With Simultaneous Addition Of Percentages Of River Sand And Robo Sand In The Concrete. In This Present Study The Strength Of Pervious Concrete Is Improved By Adding 5% Robo Sand As Fine Aggregate And 100%(80%S1+20%S2) Coarse Aggregate In The Mix. where Passing Through 25mm I.S Sieve Size And Retained On 16mm I.S Sieve Size As S1 And Aggregates Passing Through 10 Mm And Retained On 6mm Named As S2.

In 2017, N. Dinesh and A. Karuppaiya, In this pepper he used the crushed pebble sand which is produced by crushing the pebbles is one of the alternative material. and replace with river sand comparison of there mechanical properties . The mechanical properties such as compressive strength, Tensile Strength, flexural Strength of 100% replaced of sand without adding admixture of concrete is decreased compare than 0% replace of sand. and  also physical properties  as specific gravity of sand and crushed pebbles are comparatively less difference. finally Crushed pebbles cannot effectively be used in plain concrete in place of fine aggregate.

In 1988, Meininger studied the effect of different aggregate sizes (10mm and 19mm) on hardened properties of non-fine concretes and the rhesus showed that compressive strength reduces with increase in aggregates size, which corresponded with the results found from Yang & Jing (2003). It claimed the decrease of aggregate size led to higher pervious concrete strength, resulting from the increase of the interface strength between the aggregate and cement paste.

In 2011 R. C.MEININGER, Results of a laboratory study of no-fines pervious concrete for paving are presented. Conclusions are drawn regarding the percentage of air voids needed for adequate permeability, the optimum water-cement ratio range, and the amounts of compaction and curing required. Recommendations are made regarding appropriate uses for this type of concrete.

In 2011, Yang Zhifu Yang studied the effects of materials and proportions and curing conditions on the freezing-and-thawing durability of pervious concrete. Air curing causes a dramatic reduction in the freezing-and-thawing durability as compared with water curing. It was observed that addition of Silica fume improve the performance of water cured pervious concrete during slow freezing and thawing while causing a significant drop in the performance of air-cured specimens.

In 2013, OzbekAyda S. Agar, Weerheijm Jaap et.al. stidied that the porous concrete has moderate static strength compared to normal concrete due to high percentage of its intentional meso-size air pores while its dynamic performance is distinctive. Owing to its characteristic of forming multiple cracks, it fractures into small fragments when exposed to impact loading. The impact strengths of different types of porous concretes were analysed in correlation with their mixture compositions and production technique. The dynamic experiments were performed using a drop weight impact test set-up while the measurements were taken through Laser Doppler velocity metry. Results indicated that the aggregate properties and compactive effort which are coupled to porosity are the main factors that affect the dynamic performance of porous concrete. When mixtures containing different shapes andtypes of aggregates were compared, it was observed that increased texture and angularity contribute to porous concrete strength due to enhanced mechanical interlock, increased total surface area available for the adherence of cement paste and increased contact points.

In 2013 ,Carsana M. , Tittarelli F. ,investigated the mechanical, durability-related properties and the protection provided by no-fines aggregate concrete to embedded steel against carbonation-induced corrosion on mixtures with compressive strength in the range 7-30 N/mm2.Additional protections such as a mixed-in hydrophobic admixture, the coating of cement paste on the reinforcing bar or the use of galvanized or stainless steel bars were also considered. Results showed that although no-fines aggregate concrete is susceptible to fast carbonation and it cannot provide long-term passivation to embedded steel.

In 2011, A.K. Jain, studied the effects of of shapes and size of aggregates on permeability of pervious concrete. Shape of aggregate is measured in terms of their angularity number. the particles of an aggregate is an important property because it affects the porosity, surface area in contact with each other in the matrix of ingredients and ease of handling of a mixture of aggregate and binder. The result indicates that permeability of pervious concrete vary as a function of angularity number of aggregates used. It is also found that for all sizes of course aggregates used in the study, aggregate with less angularity number produce mix having less permeability.  In this studied, conclusion For all types of aggregates, permeability of pervious concrete is recorded less for smaller size of aggregate. Rate of reduction of permeability with increase in W/C ratio is more for pervious concrete having aggregate with higher angularity number.

In 2011 ,Lian C. , Zhuge Y. et.al. observed that the strength of porous concrete was significantly affected by the porosity of its internal structure.

They developed a mathematical model to characterize the relationship between compressive strength and porosity for porous concrete by analysing empirical results and theoretical derivations. The suitability of existing equations for porous concrete was assessed and a new model was then proposed. The new model demonstrated that the proposed model could provide a better prediction of porous concrete compressive strength based on the material porosity. The presence of pores can adversely affect the material's mechanical properties such as failure strength, elasticity and creep strains.

In 2014, Tun Chi Fu, Weichung Yeih ,investigated the mechanical strength test, the compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths increased as the amount of binder used increased and decreased with the increase of aggregate size. Highly viscous binder enhanced compressive strength, water permeability, and the resistance to sulfate attacks. Results indicated that the Water permeability coefficient and connected porosity decreased with the increase of binder amounts but increased with increasing aggregate size. Pervious concrete with binders of low w/c ratio is highly viscous, which facilitated covering the aggregates. This enabled sufficient binding between particles and effectively reduced excess binders from blocking water permeation paths, thereby influencing water permeability. Mechanical strength decreased with increasing water permeability. Although using substantial amount of binders can enhance mechanical strength, permeability might decrease because the volume percent of binder-filled voids increases. The amount of binder used was directly proportional to mechanical strength, and increased aggregate size decreased mechanical strength.

In 2003, Jing Yang and Guoliang Jiang, studied that by using the common material and method, the strength of the pervious concrete is low. But using smaller sized aggregate, silica fume and super plasticizer in the pervious concrete strength can be increased greatly. Also by increasing the cement paste binder area and enhancing the strength of cement binder pervious concrete strength can also be increased. The pervious pavement materials that composed of a surface layer and a base layer were made. The compressive strength of the pervious concrete can reach 50 MPa and the flexural strength 6 MPa.

Conclusion

Some research has been done on normal weight concrete, high performance concrete, self-compacted concrete and fibre reinforced concrete. pervious concrete with fewer works on properties like split tensile strength, flexural strength and bond strength. Very few research studies have been carried out on various properties, aggregate types like flaky, pebbles, angular etc. effect on PC properties 1) In this studies of pervious concrete flaky agg. Give better permeability , pebbles give better placing or workable and angular give better strength. 2) Pervious concrete made with pebbles as coarse aggregate results increasing permeability property due to its round shape nature. 3) Pervious concrete made with OPC as binder and pebbles as a coarse aggregate satisfies the pervious concrete requirements with adequate properties and it can be used for sustainable pavement construction.

References

[1] GANGA V, RAJKOHILA A, H.B.MOHAMMED BILAL ,J.DORAIKKANNAN ,Dr. R.MANOHARAN, \"Experimental study on pervious pebble concrete with partial replacement of cement by ggbs \" published on Journal of Xi\'an University of Architecture & Technology, ISSN No : 1006-7930, Volume XII, Issue X, 2020. [2] Tun Chi Fu, Weichung Yeih, Jiang Jhy Chang, and Ran Huang,\" The Influence of Aggregate Size and Binder Material on the Properties of Pervious Concrete \" published on Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Volume 2014, Article ID 963971, 17 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/963971. [3] Barnali Debnath and Partha Pratim Sarkar, \" Pervious concrete as an alternative pavement strategy: a state-of-the-art review \" international journal of pavement engineering, 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group, https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1554217. [4] Ma. Patricia Leriezz J. Corpuz, Mary Rosei T. Monzon, Christian R. Orozco* and Fernando J. Germar, \" Effects and Optimization of Aggregate Shape, Size, and Paste Volume Ratio of Pervious Concrete Mixtures\", philippine engineering journal pej 2021; vol. 42, no. 2: 25-40 received: 01, july 2021, accepted: 05 october 2021. [5] Darshan S. Shah, Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda, \" Assessment For Use Of Gravel In Pervious Concrete\", International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 4 Issue 10 - Oct 2013, ISSN: 2231-5381, [6] Prakash Parasivamurthy, Veena Jawali , Kirankumar.B .V., Mallikarjun B Patil, \" Improving Ground water recharge using Pervious Cement Concrete made of Aggregates Recycled from Crushed Concrete Wastes \" World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010: 2917 Challenges of Change. © 2010 ASCE [7] Rafat SIDDIQUE, Ravinder kaur SANDHU, “Properties of self compacting concrete incorporating waste foundry sand”, Leonardo journal of sciences, Issue 23, July-Dec 2013,pp105-124. [8] Prof. Shriram H. Mahure, Dr. V. M. Mohitkar, Dr.K.Ravi, “Effect of fly ash on fresh and hardened properties of self compacting concrete” International Journal of Engineering sciences & Research Technology, Feb 2014,pp944-948.

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Sandeep Choudhary, Nupoor Dewangan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.