Smart Cities and Urban Computing: Enhancing Sustainable Development in Nepal

Abstract

In this paper, we addressed the challenges of urbanization and how smart cities and urban computing provide effective solutions. We examined smart cities, their advantages, and their implementation in Nepal. This paper focuses on using institutional frameworks, human capital, and technology for sustainable urban settings with innovation and growth. IoT, data analytics, and other smart city elements enhance the quality of life, resource management, and job opportunities. Projects aim to enhance living standards, inclusivity, and empowerment. Case studies from Amsterdam, Barcelona, Helsinki, Vienna, and Oslo provide insights. The paper contributes to understanding smart city development in Nepal, offering guidance for policymakers and stakeholders, and highlighting transformative potential.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background on Nepal's Urbanization Challenges

Due to rapid urbanization in recent years, Nepal - located in South Asia - is encountering developmental obstacles concerning its cities' growth. The surge in individuals moving into the towns has led to their expansion and densification throughout the nation- posing severe concerns (World Bank, 2018).

With this country's growing phenomenon of urbanization comes many obstacles facing its progress. As more people flock into cities seeking shelter or work opportunities amidst modern living trends, demand increases exponentially for adequate housing facilities; At the same time, transport networks require coordination with an efficient water supply system and sanitation needs are also needed alongside other vital essentials. The existing infrastructure lags with limited capacity to accommodate these dire necessities hence undersupply. The process of urbanization has challenged Nepal greatly. Issues such as affordable housing, effective governance procedures for cities and towns, environmental concerns like depletion of natural resources, and holistic planning for sustainable living are just a few of the many factors they face today. However, Nepal must focus on achieving efficient governance mechanisms in their cities as it would help them tackle these complex problems associated with rapid developments much better. Fair access granted to all residents regarding resources and services available within these cities ensures equilibrium (UN-Habitat, 2019). The significance of creating inclusive policies accounting for infrastructure development plus stressing transport facilities overall plays an important role in implementing strategies to overcome the numerous challenges due to progression into a more developed nation (Asian Development Bank 2022). It's crucial that through this, Nepal promotes all-inclusive economic growth while ensuring social inclusivity and environment conservation aren't sacrificed -an essential factor in maintaining such comprehensive developments.

B. Definition and Significance of Smart Cities and Urban Computing

According to (Caragliu et al., 2011), Smart cities are urban areas that leverage advanced technologies and data-driven approaches to improve the quality of life for residents, enhance sustainability, and optimize urban services. Smart cities are characterized by integrating information and communication technologies (ICTs) into various aspects of urban life, including transportation, energy, infrastructure, public services, and governance (Caragliu et al., 2011).

The notion of smart cities holds great significance in urban growth. Smart Cities can amplify the proficiency and potency of city structures, resulting in better resource administration, decreased ecological footprint, and heightened economic yield (Anthopoulos, 2017). By utilizing sensors, networks, and data analytics, smart cities can optimize energy consumption, reduce traffic congestion, enhance public safety, and provide personalized services to citizens (Bibri & Krogstie, 2017).

The integration of smart cities and urban computing has the potential to revolutionize urban development and governance. It offers opportunities to improve public services, optimize resource allocation, and foster innovation and economic growth (Zanella et al., 2014). Using information and advanced technology, decision-makers and city designers can make better-informed choices, establish adaptable and eco-friendly urban settings, and enhance citizen involvement.

To sum up, the concept of intelligent cities and urban computing is a revolutionary and progressive method of urban expansion. The goal of utilizing advanced technology and data-driven methodologies is to create sustainable, productive, and cosy urban areas that cater to all citizens while stimulating economic development. The ultimate objective of smart cities is to elevate the overall quality of life for its residents, encourage sustainability, and establish a more effective and fairer urban setting. By taking advantage of technology and data, smart cities strive to enhance their services, minimize resource utilization, and provide residents with a seamless and interconnected experience.

II. "SMART CITIES IN NEPAL: BENEFITS, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPECTS.”

A. Benefits of Smart City in Nepal

1. Enhanced Quality of Life

Smart city programs strive to enhance the general welfare of inhabitants by providing effective and prompt urban amenities. A smart-city approach uses sensors, robotics, and many other digitalized auto-control configurations to use real-time data to manage urban functions such as traffic, energy distribution, public amenities, and vehicular parking (Adhikari & Bhattarai,2020). To illustrate, intelligent transportation networks can alleviate traffic jams and improve mobility, enabling individuals to navigate the city more effortlessly. This reduces commuting time, heightened convenience, and better connectivity to various city areas. Furthermore, intelligent energy grids can optimize energy usage and minimize environmental harm, promoting a healthier and more sustainable atmosphere. In addition, intelligent urban areas utilize digital platforms and mobile apps to improve the availability of vital facilities, including governmental services, healthcare, education, and other conveniences. These technological advancements offer citizens the ease of accessing and utilizing these amenities, which results in enhanced effectiveness and openness in service delivery. For instance, digital platforms can simplify online transactions, enabling citizens to settle bills, request services, and obtain information without visiting government offices. This simplifies procedures, saves time, and boosts the overall comfort and contentment of inhabitants. Moreover, intelligent urban technologies and amenities can aid in creating a fairer and more comprehensive society. By guaranteeing that these technologies are within reach and reasonably priced for all inhabitants, including those from underprivileged communities, intelligent cities can assist in closing the gap in digital access and lowering socioeconomic inequalities. This inclusiveness enables a wider spectrum of people to reap the benefits of the enhanced quality of life that smart city projects bring about.

2. Efficient Resource Management

Efficient resource management is paramount in Nepal, renowned for its abundant natural resources and unique environmental challenges. Sustainable entrepreneurship and innovation are crucial for fostering responsible business practices prioritizing resource efficiency (Schaltegger & Wagner, 2011). By integrating these concepts into Nepal's business culture, organizations can contribute to sustainable development. Zhu, Sarkis, and Lai (2008) propose a measurement model for implementing green supply chain management practices, which can significantly enhance resource allocation and efficiency. This approach, validated through empirical research, demonstrates that adopting green supply chain management practices can reduce waste and increase efficiency in Nepal's supply chains. Moreover, (Sroufe et al., 2018) highlight the importance of sustainability performance measurement and management in small and medium-sized suppliers, aligning with Nepal's aspirations for inclusive and equitable development. By effectively managing resources, Nepalese businesses can enhance competitiveness, minimize environmental impact, and benefit local communities. Learning from case studies on green supply chain management implementation in large Japanese companies (Zhu et al., 2008), Nepalese businesses can adapt relevant strategies to optimize resource utilization within their unique economic and environmental context. Finally, (Seuring and Müller's, 2008) conceptual framework for sustainable supply chain management serves as a practical guide, enabling Nepalese businesses to navigate the complexities of resource management sustainably. By embracing these sustainable practices, Nepal can foster economic growth while preserving its rich natural heritage.

3. Economic Growth and Innovation

Smart cities could significantly accelerate the development and growth of the economy. By leveraging advanced technologies and data-driven approaches, smart cities can enhance productivity, optimize resource allocation, and attract investments. These cities cultivate an ecosystem that encourages innovation, entrepreneurship, and the growth of knowledge-intensive industries.

Smart cities employ digital infrastructure and innovative solutions to improve various sectors, such as transportation, energy, and public services. According to (Caragliu et al., 2011), smart cities provide favourable conditions for economic growth by promoting entrepreneurship and innovation.

Their advanced infrastructure, connectivity, and digital capabilities attract businesses, talent, and investment. Additionally, integrating smart technologies enables efficient resource management, reducing costs and enhancing productivity. By optimizing transportation systems, reducing energy consumption, and improving public services, smart cities create an environment conducive to economic prosperity. The development of smart cities also generates job opportunities and stimulates local economies. Implementing new technologies and digital platforms creates demand for skilled workers in data analytics, IoT development, and smart infrastructure management. These emerging industries provide employment prospects and contribute to the overall economic growth of the city and region.

Moreover, smart urban areas function as centres of novelty that enable the creation and execution of inventive resolutions to urban predicaments. The system effectively collects and processes sizable volumes of operational data by utilizing cutting-edge innovations like the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and big data analytics. By employing cutting-edge technologies, such as IoT devices, the system seamlessly connects numerous data sources, enabling the collection of extensive real-time information. Through the power of AI, this system employs sophisticated algorithms and machine learning techniques to analyze the acquired data, uncovering valuable insights, patterns, and trends. These AI-driven capabilities facilitate efficient decision-making and provide actionable recommendations for optimizing operational efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing overall performance. Moreover, big data analytics enables the system to handle and process vast amounts of information, delivering comprehensive and accurate results. By combining IoT, AI, and big data analytics, this advanced system establishes a robust infrastructure for data-driven decision-making and empowers organizations to achieve unparalleled operational excellence. This data-centric approach fosters evidence-based decision-making and results in novel strategies and resolutions.

Bibri and Krogstie (2017) highlight that smart cities create an ecosystem of collaboration and co-creation among various stakeholders, including government, industry, academia, and citizens. This cooperative atmosphere promotes originality by motivating the interchange of concepts, trial and error, and creating innovative goods, amenities, and commercial frameworks. The amalgamation of data and technology in smart urban areas allows for the effective administration of resources, boosts public amenities, and elevates the general standard of living for inhabitants.

Moreover, smart cities serve as testbeds for innovative technologies and solutions. Through pilot projects and experimentation, cities can assess the viability and scalability of new ideas. The feedback loop generated from these initiatives fosters continuous improvement and drives further innovation. While emphasizing sustainability, smart cities promote the advancement of eco-friendly technologies, sustainable energy alternatives, and environmentally conscious habits, thereby aiding in creating a more resilient and sustainable urban setting.

B. Challenges of Smart City in Nepal 

1. Limited Infrastructure and Resource Constraints

Nepal's urban areas face significant challenges due to limited infrastructure and resource constraints, which can hinder the implementation of smart cities. According to the Nepal Sustainable Urban Development Strategy, urban centres in Nepal often suffer from inadequate transportation networks, insufficient water and sanitation systems, and limited energy infrastructure (National Planning Commission, 2016). These deficiencies can impede the integration and deployment of smart city technologies, as a robust and reliable physical infrastructure is essential for their functioning. Without adequate infrastructure, realizing the full potential of smart cities becomes challenging.

2. Governance and Policy Framework

The development of smart cities in Nepal is also constrained by challenges related to governance and the policy framework. The Kathmandu Post highlights the growing urbanization challenges in Nepal, including weak governance structures and ineffective urban planning (The Kathmandu Post, 2018). These challenges can hinder formulating and implementing comprehensive policies and regulations necessary for smart city initiatives. Inconsistent policies, lack of coordination among different government agencies, and limited capacity for urban planning can create hurdles in creating an enabling environment for deploying smart city technologies.

3. Technological Readiness and Digital Divide

The successful implementation of smart city technologies relies on technological readiness and equitable access to digital resources. However, Nepal faces challenges in terms of limited technological infrastructure and a digital divide. These challenges note that Nepal's technological infrastructure is not yet fully developed to support large-scale smart city initiatives.

Furthermore, there is a sizable digital divide, with some population groups having limited access to digital technologies and the Internet. Unequal access to technology and digital resources can create disparities in the adoption and benefits of smart city solutions, exacerbating existing social and economic inequalities.    

III. URBAN COMPUTING: AN OVERVIEW

A. Urban Computing

Urban computing refers to the collection, combination, and evaluation of various types of data from multiple sources in urban areas, including sensors, vehicles, buildings, and people. The purpose of urban computing is to address significant issues that cities face, such as air pollution, increased energy consumption, and traffic congestion. Additionally, urban computing helps us gain insight into the nature of urban phenomena and predict the future of cities. This field combines traditional disciplines like transportation, civil engineering, economy, ecology, and sociology with computing science to study urban spaces(Zheng et al., 2014).

B. Key Technologies and Components of urban Computing

1. Internet of Things

Urbanization and competitive pressures encourage the growth of more economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable cities. Cities grow smart by designing local areas using new ICTs such as the semantic web, cloud computing, devices, and the Internet of Things. The IoT is a concept that refers to the use of new technologies and sensors to make the virtual world of IT integrated and strictly connected with the real world of things (Uckelmann et al., 2011; Scuotto et al., 2016). IoT is one of the pillars of the knowledge-based society and digital economy, and its effect is assumed as disruptive in everyday life of citizens, with 16 billion connected devices in the next year opening interesting business opportunities for firms, especially for MNEs. Moreover, with access to more and higher quality information thanks to the IoT, firms may be able to evaluate and take more fine-grained decisions about managing business processes (Uckelmann et al., 2011).

In summary, a city that is "smart" provides new services for its citizen's thanks to the intensive use of new technologies. This highlights the need to identify and plan the development of future technologies that may match city demands (Lee et al., 2013). A Smart City is a city that aims at connecting the physical, IT, social and business infrastructures in order to leverage the intelligence of the city's community (Hollands, 2008). Cities are assuming a relevant role as innovation drivers for firms in various industries, such as health, the environment, and information and communication technology (Zanella et al., 2014; Scuotto et al., 2016). In particular, firms may exploit the IoT in smart cities to test new business models or new technologies (exploration) and commercialize and provide new services to citizens (exploitation) (Sandulli et al., 2016). Usually, firms involved in smart city projects primarily follow a business model experimentation approach because of the high technological risk. Cities may be a great source of smart innovation, but successful experiments need the cooperation and support of local governments. Firms also pursue exploitation activities in Smart Cities to commercialize and profit from previous exploration activities. In this context, firms pursue exploration and exploitation activities (Scuotto et al., 2016). To that end, firms may develop or extend cooperation networks with several partners and city stakeholders with different goals, interests, and resources, such as other established firms, citizens, startups, key users or universities and research centres. In this particular and complex context, an urban IoT may allow synergies and better management of public services (Zanella et al., 2014).  

The advantage of IoT in the context of Nepal is as follow:

a. Agriculture and Farming: The agricultural sector in Nepal is sizable, and IoT can assist farmers in increasing productivity and resource management. Farmers can use IoT sensors to enhance their irrigation and fertilization methods by tracking soil moisture, temperature, and humidity. IoT-enabled smart farming technologies can provide real-time data on weather patterns, pest infestations, and crop health, allowing for well-informed decision-making and lowering agricultural risks.

b. Disaster Management: Nepal is a place where disasters like earthquakes and floods can happen easily. Devices that are connected to the Internet can be very helpful during a disaster situation to help prepare and respond. Earthquake sensors can sense when the earth shakes and activate alarms that warn people. This helps people have more time to prepare and take action to stay safe. Flood sensors that use IoT technology can track high-water levels and immediately send out alerts. This helps officials and communities act quickly and lessen the damage caused by floods.

c. Smart Cities and Infrastructure: Nepal's cities can use IoT tools to manage resources better and improve people's lives. Smart parking systems can help lessen traffic jams by telling drivers where to park now. Smart streetlights can save energy by changing how bright they are depending on what's happening.

2. Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a way of accessing computing resources, such as networks, servers, storage, applications, and services, through a shared pool that can be easily provisioned and released without the need for extensive management or service provider involvement.

It offers convenient and on-demand network access, allowing for rapid resource allocation. Cloud computing covers a large scope; floppy disk, hard disk, CD, and USP are used as mass storage, but at present, everyone loves cloud computing. Big organizations and individuals use it as a tool, as a means of file and data sharing. As a fundamental asset, it has made file and resource sharing easy and fast.

People could store their important data and secret information on the Internet and virtual space software. Cloud computing has become increasingly important and is gaining attention in both scientific and industrial communities. Cloud Computing is obtainable anywhere, with suitable, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources. Cloud computing is both a computational paradigm and a distribution structure with the primary goal of providing secure, fast, and convenient data storage and net computing services. It visualizes all computing resources as services delivered over the Internet.t (Baburajan, 2011; Popovic & Hocenski, 2010).

The advantages of cloud computing in Nepal are as follows:

a. Cost Efficiency: Cloud computing helps organizations in Nepal save money. Cloud services are cheaper because you don't have to pay for expensive equipment at the beginning or spend much money on maintenance later. Nepalese companies can pay for resources and services they use either as a subscription or on a pay-per-use basis. This affordable approach helps them use their money better by focusing on important parts of their business or using it for new ideas and growth.

b. Accessibility and Remote Collaboration: Cloud computing helps people access information, programs, and tools easily from any location as long as they have an internet connection. This tool helps companies in Nepal by allowing people to work together from different locations. Companies in Nepal can use the Internet to help their employees collaborate even when working remotely or from different locations. This ability to change and adapt helps companies work better and faster when the way of doing work changes.

c. Scalability and Flexibility: Cloud computing can help organizations in Nepal to be more flexible and easily grow bigger when needed. Cloud services let companies change how much computer power they use easily, depending on their needs. This ability to adjust the amount of work is helpful for companies in Nepal that have times when they have more work than usual. They can easily change how much work their computers can do without spending much money on new equipment. They also won't have extra, unused computers when they don't need to do as much work. Flexibility helps Nepalese organizations to be quick, adaptable, and affordable and supports their development and productivity.

IV. CASE STUDIES AND BEST PRACTICES

As per the (United et al. Division UNSD), over 50% of the global population currently resides in cities. Additionally, it is estimated that by 2030, 6 out of 10 individuals will live in urban areas. Despite numerous planning challenges, cities offer more efficient economies of scale, including providing goods, services, and transportation.

With sound, risk-informed planning and management, cities can become incubators for innovation, growth and drivers of sustainable development (United et al. Division UNSD).

Many urban centres in the world are looking to become smart cities. Nepali city leaders are also aspiring to make their cities smart. A smart city has clever improvements made in three sectors of its operations: technological, human, and institutional. Globally, many cities have recently made impressive enhancements in at least one or more areas (Adhikari & Bhattarai, 2021).

In meeting the aims of Smart City, four European cities considered leaders in innovative city development are analyzed to test the validity of the hypotheses emerging from each dichotomy. These cities are Amsterdam, Barcelona, Helsinki, and Vienna. The results of this best practice analysis offer a series of critical insights into what strategic principles drive smart city development in Europe and generate scientific knowledge which helps to overcome the dichotomous nature of smart city research (Mora et al., 2019). Cities such as Amsterdam, Beijing, Taipei, Oslo, Seoul, Singapore, Zurich, and New York City have also effectively tackled the interrelated challenges of environmental health and economic vitality. These cities have demonstrated exceptional performance in governance, activities, work and school, and health and safety institutions. They have successfully utilized technologies like IoT, Wi-Fi, and smart transit to enhance public services and advance sustainability goals.

A. Smart City Initiative in Nepal

In Nepal, the rapid growth in urban population, which is a result of rural-urban migration and the conversion of seemingly rural areas into municipalities, has caused a substantial expansion of informal settlements, increasing the risk of inundation and floods and exposure of great part of the urban population to a series of different hazards (Adhikari & Bhattarai, 2021). The demand for urbanization, population growth, and increased service delivery in cities is rising. Information and communication technology (ICT), climate change adaptation, and improving urban infrastructure and services must be enhanced to address the demand. The practical implementation of these measures can ensure better living standards and maximum benefits to many people (Nepal Planning Commission, 2016).

(Nepal Planning Commission, 2016), in 2016 released a concept paper on smart cities for Nepal, defining smart cities as sustainable, information and technology-based, with high-quality services, and replicable. According to the (Nepal Planning Commission, 2016), their objective is to utilize the Internet of Things (IoT) to develop a smart city and empower smart individuals, enhance governance, improve infrastructure, and strengthen the economy. The commission aims to promote inclusivity, education, healthcare, creativity, and the population's overall well-being.

With the help of public-private partnerships (PPP), many cities in Nepal have initiated smart city projects. Notably, Panchkhal municipality is set to become the country's first smart city under this model, which is particularly significant as other government-announced smart city projects face uncertainties. In the fiscal year 2075/076 BS, the Government of Nepal allocated Rs 180 million for the smart city project.

Rs 120 million was given to the Bhaktapur city project. At the same time, the remaining Rs 60 million was divided equally among the other three proposed smart cities, with each city project receiving Rs 20 million in the valley. (Karki, 2019) In Nepal, the government, through the fiscal year 2073/074 budget, has emphasized the development of information technology, e-governance, and the use of ICT in various sectors, including urban development (Nepal Planning Commission, 2016).

B. Successful Smart city Models in other Countries

Numerous smart city models have been implemented successfully in numerous nations worldwide. Here are some noteworthy examples:

1. Amsterdam        

Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands, was one of the first European cities to embrace the concept of a smart city. In 2009, Amsterdam developed a comprehensive plan to become a smarter city, and as a result, it has become one of Europe's top smart cities. In 2016, the European Commission recognized Amsterdam's innovative efforts by awarding it the European Capital of Innovation title. By integrating cutting-edge solutions, fostering collaboration, and prioritizing citizen engagement, Amsterdam sets an inspiring example for smart cities worldwide. For example, IoT, sensors, smart transportation, and many real-time data points are transitioning from single-use to restorative and regenerative resource utilization. Sustainability and circularity, exploring smarter methods of material usage, closed-loop systems, and adopting local and renewable energy sources (Gattupalli, 2023).

2. Barcelona

Barcelona has gained international recognition as a model smart city due to its comprehensive approach to leveraging technology and innovation for sustainable urban development. Barcelona's streets are studded with sensors and responsive systems. Various elements such as streetlights, garbage cans, power meters, parking spots, park landscaping, and public transit are integrated into a "smart" city environment. These components assist in managing issues ranging from traffic congestion to service delivery. (Hirish, 2018). These reasons have helped Barcelona be one of the most innovative cities.

3. Oslo

The revamped 2023 edition of the IMD Smart City Index (SCI) shows Oslo, the Norwegian capital, as the second most innovative city in the world (IMD, 2023). Awarded the European Green Capital 2019 title by the European Commission, Oslo has equipped itself with the means to realize its environmental ambitions from a very early stage (The Agility Effect, 2019). Securely, Oslo uses various information and communication technologies (ICT) and Internet of Things (IoT) solutions to develop and manage important city areas. This includes testing electric buses, zero-emission construction sites, retrofitting existing buildings, implementing circle-based waste management, and developing green energy systems. (Nordic et al.).

4. Singapore

The IMD Smart Cities Index in 2019, a survey conducted by the Swiss business school IMD and the Singapore University of Technology and Design, examined how healthy cities utilize digital technologies to enhance the quality of life for their residents. The result of the following survey showed Singapore as the "Smartest city in the world" (The Strats Times, 2019). The extensive application of IoT, Wi-Fi, transit-related apps, smart transit, and apps to help in public health has made Singapore stand out. Examples: Therapeutic gardens, safe spaces, rainwater harvesting, extensive use of solar power, and geothermal energy (Adhikari & Bhattarai, 2021).

5. Zurich

One of the cities in Switzerland is Zurich. For the fourth time in a row, Zurich ranked highest on the global IMD Smart City Index 2023. Zurich performed significantly better than average on almost every metric. The city received top marks for its governance, activities, work and school, and health and safety institutions (Switzerland Global Enterprises, 2023).

 C. Analysis of Lessons Learned and Best Practices from These Case Studies

Analyzing the case studies of Amsterdam, Barcelona, Oslo, Singapore, and Zurich, we can extract several valuable lessons learned and best practices for innovative city development:

1. Holistic Approach

The holistic approach is something that all smart cities have in common. Every other nation attempting to construct a smart city must adopt a comprehensive and integrated strategy for doing so. When creating a smart city, they must concentrate on various aspects of human existence, including technology, sustainability, citizen involvement, government, and quality of life.

2. Data-driven Decision Making

To be considered a smart city, a city must understand how to use the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT devices, sensors, and real-time data have been used in every other smart city previously mentioned to gather information, optimize processes, and effectively distribute resources. As a result, this data and information will undoubtedly aid in operating a smart, sustainable city with excellent transportation and population health.

V. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Implementing smart city and urban computing initiatives requires a comprehensive approach integrating technology, infrastructure, and community engagement. Here are some implementation strategies and recommendations specifically for smart city and urban computing projects:

A. Infrastructure Development

The development of infrastructure may vary on the context used. Infrastructure refers to the underground and aboveground cable and pipe networks supported by all relevant assets in terms of utility and facility functional operations. At the same time, civil engineers are concerned with other urban areas' service functions, such as road networks, bridges, train/bus stations, schools, hospitals, universities, and other public services (RODZI & Ahmad, 2009). Developing infrastructure for a smart city is a long-term and resource-intensive process. It requires significant capital, human resources, and time. A smart city's infrastructure should be both intelligent and sustainable. Therefore, to achieve smart infrastructure development, building a robust technological foundation is essential. Similarly, establishing a high-speed and secure network that covers a wide area and is accessible to everyone, deploying sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) devices to enhance safety and quality of life, and implementing effective data management systems and platforms are fundamental components for smart infrastructure development.

B. Data Management and Analytics

Intelligent services and apps that employ real-time data from diverse devices like sensors and meters are implemented in numerous smart city facilities using cutting-edge Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Examples of exciting applications include smart transportation services, smart parking solutions, smart waste management solutions, smart grid applications, and smart healthcare solutions. Leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) in urban environments offers numerous benefits, such as improved privacy, safety, comfort, and decision-making capabilities.

IoT facilitates data collection, allowing for the compilation of information from various databases to create comprehensive datasets for further analysis. Moreover, it ensures data privacy and security, safeguarding sensitive information. In addition, IoT enables data sharing and interoperability, promoting seamless communication and integration among different systems and devices. This interoperability lays the groundwork for predictive analytics, empowering cities to make informed decisions for sustainable development and efficient resource management. Ultimately, these advancements contribute to establishing a smart city that prioritizes sustainability and optimal decision-making.

C. Smart Mobility

With the urbanization of the population, particularly in emerging economies, and the consequent problems, including traffic congestion and the impact on the environment, attention has been directed in recent years toward the concept of "modal shifts," Which means choosing transportation methods that have less of an impact on the environment, such trains and coastal ships. The issue of sustainable transportation and other services as the current infrastructure ages are becoming more and more of a worry in industrialized nations (Okuda et al., 2012).

Smart mobility enables inhabitants to navigate and move freely within the smart city surroundings. Improved traffic management, the availability of alternative routes (in case of traffic or emergencies), and dedicated routes and navigation for essential services (such as ambulances, government vehicles, and official movements) can be facilitated by smart mobility (Paiva et al., 2021).

Smart mobility in a smart city offers a range of features and advantages that significantly enhance the transportation experience. One key aspect is flexibility, allowing users to choose from various modes of transportation based on their needs. With smart and dynamic navigation, individuals can easily navigate the city using the most suitable transport option. Efficiency is another important characteristic, providing mobility options that minimize disruptions, reduce costs, and minimize commute times. Integrating different transportation modes seamlessly ensures end-to-end route plans regardless of the chosen mode. Sustainability is promoted through cleaner and more sustainable operations, minimizing emissions and incorporating electric and hybrid vehicles. Security and safety are prioritized through efficient data sharing and connectivity models, enhancing road safety through real-time monitoring and proactive measures. Smart mobility also fosters social benefits by providing equal opportunities for all citizens to access public transport, ensuring a better quality of life. Automation facilitates smoother processes, while connectivity enables real-time information sharing. Smart mobility is accessible and affordable, enhancing the user experience through streamlined operations and efficient transportation solutions. Overall, smart mobility in a smart city transforms the way people move and interact within urban environments, creating a seamless and enjoyable transportation ecosystem.

D. Sustainable Energy and Resource Management

Sustainable energy and resource management are essential to smart city and urban planning. Smart cities prioritize energy-efficient infrastructure and buildings to minimize energy consumption and reduce environmental impact. By integrating smart technologies, such as sensors and automation systems, cities can optimize energy usage, monitor real-time energy consumption, and promote energy-saving practices. Smart grids and energy management systems are crucial in sustainable energy management by efficiently distributing electricity, balancing energy demand and supply, and integrating renewable energy sources. Smart cities reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by harnessing solar, wind, and geothermal energy.

Additionally, smart cities implement advanced technologies for water resource management, including real-time monitoring, data analytics, and efficient water distribution systems. These systems help optimize water usage, detect leaks, and ensure equitable access to clean water, contributing to long-term water resource sustainability. By prioritizing sustainable energy and resource management, smart cities pave the way for a greener and more resilient future, where efficient resource utilization and environmental preservation are paramount.

E. Public Safety and Security

Public safety and security are critical aspects of a smart city, encompassing various components to ensure the well-being of its residents. Surveillance and monitoring systems play a pivotal role by employing advanced technologies like CCTV cameras, sensors, and video analytics to continuously monitor public spaces and detect potential security threats in real-time. Emergency response and management systems are essential for swift and coordinated actions during crises, leveraging interconnected networks, data-driven technologies, and geolocation services to facilitate the efficient deployment of emergency services. Crime prevention and detection are significantly enhanced through advanced analytics, machine learning algorithms, and data integration, allowing for identifying patterns and anomalies that help predict and prevent criminal activities.

Moreover, robust cybersecurity measures, encryption protocols, and secure data management frameworks are put in place to protect against cyber threats and safeguard sensitive information, ensuring the privacy and trust of citizens. By integrating these comprehensive approaches, smart cities strive to create a safe and secure environment, promoting social cohesion and enhancing their residents' and visitors' overall quality of life.

F. Citizen Engagement and Participation

Smart, Sustainable Cities should ensure people access government databases, increase engagement and promote innovation through public service collaboration. The government's responsibility must be to promote and support bottom-up technology and innovation initiatives. Laws and regulations should support living labs for creativity, diversity and education and a technological sandbox and artefacts in various real-life usage scenarios. However, engagement by governance by focusing on public collaboration in improving health and well-being by ensuring effectiveness and coverage of accessibility to urban and community services. In addition, participatory governance should provide an ineffective local platform to ensure equitable and actionable policies (IAMTRAKUL, KLAYLEE, & ISOON, 2021).

G. Health and Quality of Life

Health and quality of life are paramount in smart city and urban computing initiatives. Smart healthcare systems and telemedicine solutions improve healthcare access and overall well-being. By leveraging advanced technologies, such as remote monitoring devices and telecommunication platforms, smart cities enable virtual consultations, diagnosis, and treatment, alleviating the strain on healthcare facilities and fostering better health outcomes. Moreover, environmental monitoring and pollution control measures are vital in creating a healthy living environment. By deploying sensors and IoT devices, cities can gather real-time data on air quality, noise levels, and other environmental factors. This information enables targeted interventions to mitigate pollution, enhance air quality, and promote residents' health. Smart homes and assisted living technologies further elevate the quality of life by incorporating automation systems, assistive devices, and ambient intelligence. These innovations empower individuals, particularly the elderly and those with disabilities, to live independently and comfortably. Lastly, implementing quality-of-life indicators and measurement systems allows cities to assess the impact of their smart city initiatives. By monitoring factors like healthcare access, education, transportation, green spaces, and cultural amenities, cities can identify areas for improvement and allocate resources effectively to enhance residents' overall well-being.

H. Business and Economic Development

Business and economic development are fundamental aspects of smart cities and urban planning. Smart cities prioritize the creation of innovation ecosystems and provide strong support for startups and entrepreneurs. By fostering collaboration, knowledge sharing, and resource accessibility, smart cities attract innovative businesses that drive economic growth and technological advancements. This leads to job creation and cultivates a dynamic and thriving workforce. The digital economy plays a significant role in smart city development, offering a wide range of digital services and unlocking new economic opportunities. Through digital technologies, smart cities provide innovative services such as e-governance, e-commerce, and digital platforms for efficient resource management. These services enhance convenience, productivity, and economic vitality, attracting investments and bolstering economic growth. Smart cities also prioritize assessing and evaluating the economic impact of their initiatives. By measuring the outcomes and benefits, smart cities can make informed decisions, allocate resources effectively, and attract further investment, ensuring sustainable economic development and long-term prosperity.

I. Policy and Governance

Policy and governance are pivotal components of smart city and urban computing initiatives. Regulatory frameworks and standards are necessary to guide the implementation and operation of smart technologies. Governments must establish clear guidelines to ensure data privacy, security, and ethical use of technology while adopting international standards for interoperability and compatibility. Public-private partnerships and collaboration are key in smart city governance, enabling sharing of resources, expertise, and innovation between government entities, private organizations, and community stakeholders. These partnerships facilitate the efficient implementation of smart city projects, with the government providing regulatory oversight and the private sector contributing technical know-how and investment. Legal and ethical considerations are paramount, as smart city deployments involve collecting and analyzing vast amounts of data.

Governments must establish legal frameworks that protect individual rights, promote transparency, and address data protection and cybersecurity concerns. Ethical considerations should guide decision-making processes, ensuring that smart city initiatives prioritize inclusivity, fairness, and the well-being of all citizens.

Moreover, smart city governance models should be designed to facilitate effective management and decision-making. This entails engaging multiple stakeholders, incorporating citizen participation, and employing data-driven approaches to ensure informed decision-making, efficient resource allocation, and accountability. By fostering sound policy and governance practices, smart cities can navigate the complexities of technology implementation while addressing societal needs and advancing sustainable urban development.

Conclusion

The uncontrolled urbanization and urban challenges in Nepal require urgent attention and appropriate solutions. Every day, poor transportation management has pushed the economy backward. Unhealthy lifestyles, poorly managed transportation, expensive housing, inefficient energy distribution and government strategies, and environmental problems including resource depletion and climate change have all contributed to a worse quality of life. Smart city technologies and urban computing have emerged as powerful tools to tackle the complex challenges associated with urbanization. The idea of smart, sustainable cities has been clarified in this research paper, as well as how they may help with these problems. Several cities around the world like Kathmandu should optimize their services, infrastructure, and resource management by integrating advanced technology like IoT, and cloud computing, which will help in increasing and improving mobility, energy efficiency, public safety, economic development, and quality of life. The key findings emphasize the value of a comprehensive strategy in order to create a healthy environment for the development of a smart sustainable city that includes smart transportation, energy management, public safety, citizen involvement, health, and governance. This approach recognizes the interconnected nature of urban systems and the need for comprehensive solutions. Moreover, collaboration, innovation, and citizen participation are highlighted as crucial factors in creating technologically advanced, environmentally conscious, and socially inclusive urban environments. In addition, this paper also discusses the roles of citizens in creating a smart city as well as the required policies that need to be made by lawmakers and implemented by the government. It also calls for continued exploration and implementation of strategies that leverage smart city technologies and urban computing to foster sustainability and resilience. By embracing smart city technologies, cities in Nepal and elsewhere can effectively address urban challenges, improve the quality of life for residents, and pave the way for a more inclusive and sustainable future. It is crucial for cities to prioritize the adoption and implementation of these technologies to build a better tomorrow.

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Copyright © 2023 Aadesh Regmi, Chandan Vomjan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.