Smart Green Electric Vehicle Charging Station

Abstract

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) demands a robust infrastructure of charging stations powered by renewable energy sources to mitigate environmental impact and ensure sustainable mobility. This project proposes an innovative Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) that harnesses solar and wind energy, supplemented by grid connectivity for emergencies. The system incorporates diverse charging methods including AC, DC, and wireless technologies to cater to varying EV requirements. The core components of the proposed EVCS include a PWM-based solar charge controller, inverter, Arduino Uno microcontroller, and RFID- based wireless authentication system. The solar charge controller efficiently manages power from solar panels, optimizing charging performance while ensuring battery longevity. Inverter technology facilitates seamless conversion of DC renewable energy into AC power compatible with EV charging standards. The integration of an Arduino Uno microcontroller enables intelligent monitoring and control of charging processes, ensuring efficient utilization of available energy resources and enhancing user experience. Additionally, an RFID-based wireless authentication system enhances security and convenience by enabling contactless authentication for EV charging sessions.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

The widespread adoption of evs necessitates the development of robust charging infrastructure to support their proliferation. This project aims to address this need by designing an Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) that harnesses renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. By integrating these renewable energy sources into the charging infrastructure, the project not only promotes sustainability but also reduces reliance on nonrenewable energy sources such as solar and windmill. Solar energy stands out among various renewable resources [1]. The supplementary energy is derived from solar panels and stored in batteries for future use. Utilizing an inverter, this stored energy is then distributed to the load as additional power. The incoming solar energy and battery needs are totally different. This difference needs a charge controller which controls the incoming solar energy as per the need of the battery backup [2]. these electric vehicles come equipped with a variety of battery technologies, each with distinct charging requirements. For conventional lead-acid batteries commonly found in older EV models, AC charging is typically preferred due to its compatibility and simplicity. However, with the advent of lithium-ion batteries, which are prevalent in modern EVs for their higher energy density and faster charging capabilities, DC charging has emerged as the primary choice. There are different types of solar charge controllers available in the market. Depending on various concepts the charge controllers store the energy from the solar panel to the battery backup. The most frequently used solar charge controllers are PWM based charge controller and MPPT based solar charge controller [3]. Moreover, wireless charging technology [4] offers a promising alternative, particularly for nextgeneration EVs equipped with solid-state batteries. Wireless charging eliminates the need for physical connectors, streamlining the charging process and enhancing user experience. In our innovative wireless charging system, Arduino and RFID technology are seamlessly integrated to facilitate user authentication and initiate the charging process. Upon scanning their RFID card, customers activate the wireless charging mechanism, allowing for convenient and hassle-free charging of their electric vehicles [5].

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

Acharya, S., & Aithal,P. S. [1]. This Study Shows Innovations in effective management of energy using green technology. The demand for electricity is increasing in such a way that it is not possible to meet the requirements. This leads to the continuous hike in the price In this paper SHOWS innovative methodology for the effective management to minimize the wastage, lower the usage cost and lower the maintenance cost of energy. The discussion in this paper is limited to Domestic electricity.

Wallies Thounaojam, V., & Balekundri, A. [2]. Design and development of microcontroller based solar charge controller. The paper demonstrates the Smart Solar Charge Controller which is part of solar power system is designed such that the solar battery gets recharged quickly and does not get over discharged thereby ensuring the prolonged lifespan of the solar battery. Once it reaches fully charged condition, a logic system in the charger will keep the battery on trickle charge. The charge controller will have smart battery management system in built. The charge controller will also take care of the deep discharge protection and cut off the load when the battery reaches a certain level when discharged.

P. Sridhar Acharya, and P. S. Aithal [3]. The comparative study of PWM Solar Charge Controllers and their Integrated System, this paper shows There are various methods of charge controllers which will convert the solar energy into the format that is required to the storage devices. Among them, the most popular charge controllers are PWM based as well as MPPT technology based. This paper highlights the benefits of PWM and MPPT technology. The paper also highlights the differences between the two types and gives a conceptual model of integration of both MPPT as well as the PWM solar charge controllers.

Asst Prof. Swapna Manurkar, Harshada Satre,  Bhagyashree Kolekar, Pradnya Patil, Samidha Bailmare [4] Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicle this paper demonstrates. As electric vehicles are a better alternative to curb the ongoing pollution it is vital to make amendments in the battery charging process to attain greater reliability. Electric vehicle battery charging can be done by plug in charging at charging stations or by wireless power transfer.

A.Ajithkumar, M., Ajithkumar, S., Gopi, V.G.,Balajisabarin athan, Mr. C. Gowrishankar [5]. Smart E-Vehicle Charging System Using Rfid, this paper proposed system RFID system for user identification and charging authorization as part of a smart charging infrastructure providing charge monitoring and control. The RFID provides a cost-efficient solution to identify and authorize vehicles for charging and would allow EV charging to be conducted effectively while observing grid constraints and meeting the needs of EV drivers

Shaikh Arbaz,Nayna Dahatonde,Nagori Meeran3, Shirgaonkar Zimad, Shaikh Maseera [6]. Electric Vehicle Charging System using Wireless Power Transmission, IoT and Sensors, the objective of this paper is to implement an electric vehicle wireless charging station and charging platform to transmit electrical power wirelessly through space and charge the battery of an electric vehicle.

Marwa Alghawi, Dr. Abdulla Ismail [7] Electric Vehicles in Smart Grid, this research develops a test system to study the functionality of the EV communication protocol with the network components in real-time. For the realization of technical communication, a model-based approach in terms of universal applicability is pursued.

III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

Based on operating Techniques of smart electric vehicle charging station consists of various technologies such as PWM based control technique for battery management, this charge controller has connection with inverter, and relay module for wireless charging system.

A. Pulse Width Modulation Technique

Smart solar charge controller using a microcontroller is designed to charge batteries in an efficient way so that their lifetime can be increased. The pulse width modulation technique is used to charge the battery effectively. A PIC microcontroller is used to generate PWM. The PIC microcontroller is used to read all these analog values of voltage and current. The CCP (Capture/Compare/PWM) modules in PIC16F877A are used for PWM generation also There are two CCP modules: CCP1 (at pin RC2) and CCP2 (at pin RC1). the charge controller may incorporate safety features such as overcharge protection, over-discharge protection, and temperature monitoring to prevent damage to the battery and ensure safe operation. The PIC microcontroller constantly monitors these parameters and takes appropriate action to protect the battery and charging system. A liquid crystal digital display is used to show the values of the battery’s charging current, solar panel voltage, battery voltage, and load current. Protection is also introduced through programming techniques so that in case of excess current, the solar charge controller will stop working. It can handle up to 10 amperes, making it a 10 Ampere solar charge controller.

Conclusion

The Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) project presents a comprehensive solution to the growing need for sustainable transportation infrastructure. By harnessing renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, the EVCS not only facilitates the widespread adoption of electric vehicles but also reduces reliance on fossil fuels, thereby mitigating environmental degradation and climate change. The integration of multiple charging options, including AC, DC, and wireless charging, ensures compatibility with a wide range of electric vehicles, enhancing convenience and accessibility for users. Additionally, the inclusion of a PWM-based solar charge controller optimizes energy harvesting from solar panels, maximizing efficiency and reducing operational costs over time. Continued advancements in EV charging technology are expected to enhance charging efficiency, reduce charging times, and improve user experience. Innovations such as ultrafast charging, wireless charging, and smart charging solutions will revolutionize the EV charging infrastructure, making it more convenient and accessible for consumers.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2024 Prathamesh Gound, Bhavesh Lad, Anvit Poojary, Harshada Patil, RBW R. B. Waghmare. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.