Specific Characteristics of Etymology of Lexical Units Belonging to Iranian Languages (as an example of historical works created in the Persian-Tajik language in the 10-13th centuries)

Abstract

This article presents the general conclusions arising from the etymological views of Persian and Tajik historians who lived in the 10th-13th centuries . The opinions of Persian-Tajik historians about the etymology of lexical units are significant in terms of the fact that they are among the first etymological views of Tajik etymology and in most cases are in harmony with today\'s scientific conclusions.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Tajik linguistics gained worldwide recognition as a field of science in the last century. After the 50s of the 20th century, a number of Russian, Tajik, European and Western scientists conducted many scientific studies in various fields of linguistics and created a solid scientific basis for it. But this idea does not mean that the Tajik people have been far from the blessings of this science, and the great writers of Persian-Tajik literature did not know the laws of the language, but only created immortal works with divine talent and inspiration. On the contrary, if we look at the history of Tajik linguistic research, our scientists have expressed their views on language laws in the form of individual works, as well as in the composition of artistic, historical, philosophical, medical and other works.

A number of branches of Tajik linguistics today have their own basic laws. At the same time, studies in such an important field of linguistics as etymology have not been carried out, and the words that have been said so far in this regard are among the studies at the introductory level.

The etymology department of linguistics is considered one of the young areas in world linguistics, especially in the Tajik language, which can be proved by the fact that no complete etymological dictionary has been published by researchers of the Tajik language.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Nevertheless, etymological views on Tajik lexical units have a history of more than a thousand years and are found in works devoted to various fields. One of the important sources of lexical and etymological explanation of words is the historical works of Persian-Tajik authors and translators. Hundreds of words in more than ten languages and works such as "Tarihi Tabari", "Tarihi Yamini", "Zain-ul-akhbar", "Forsnama", "Tarihi Bayhaqi", "Tarihi Sistan" created by Persian-Tajik historians in X-XIII centuries. compounds are explained.

Historians' views on lexical units are sometimes seen as thorough etymological analysis, and sometimes as etymological hints. When it comes to the scientific recognition of the etymological opinions of historians, it should be noted that in most cases their analysis is consistent with current scientific conclusions.

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Persian-Tajik historians not only skillfully used words in their annals, but also presented linguistic analyzes of the origin and meaning of some lexical units. In particular, in our research, we observed that in the historical works written in the Persian-Tajik language in the XI-XIII centuries, more than a hundred lexical units belonging to the Persian-Tajik language are presented with lexical explanations and etymological analyzes.

We analyzed them on the basis of the historical-comparative method and compared them with today's scientific achievements, lexicographical analysis, and linguistic research, conditionally divided them into such groups as lexicons, anthroponyms, toponyms and ethnonyms related to everyday social life.

IV. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

The analysis of opinions of authors and translators of historical sources of the X-XIII centuries showed that the owners of such works tried to reveal the historical origin of the group of standard words of the language at the level of their knowledge and understanding.

Such analyzes are mainly based on "T history It is carried out by the authors of such works as "Tabari ", "Zayn-ul-akhbar", "Forsnama". The comparison of the etymological points of view presented in these works was the basis for our following conclusions:

1. The etymological explanations given by the authors and translators of the mentioned historical records are not unified in terms of meaning, but represent different material and spiritual concepts. They are mainly tasks and titles, cloth and clothes, cash and taxes, holiday and ceremonies, state symbols, are used to express concepts related to religious fields. Some of these words and phrases reflect the traditions of the ancestors of the Persian-Tajik people.
2. The analysis and references presented in these historical works served as valuable factual material for medieval lexicographers and helped to make the analyzes in the explanatory dictionaries created by them more complete and reliable. At the same time, the lexicographers of the present period also widely used the information from the recorded sources and their lexical and etymological comments. For example, in the work "Farhangi Zaboni Tajiki" ("Dictionary of the Tajik Language"), which is considered the perfect dictionary of the Tajik language of the present time, works like "Tarihi Tabarii", "Tarihi Bayhaqi", "Tarihi Sistan", "Tarihi Narshahi" are used as the main source. used [5,1-j,20]. In almost 200 places of the mentioned explanatory dictionary, only one example from the work "Tarihi Tabari" is given, the authors of the dictionary are Armos [5,1-j,85], Basra [5,1-j,157], Isra [5, 1-j,496] used Balami's lexical and etymological comments as evidence in his commentary on words.
3. The etymological notes of the authors of the historical works written in the mentioned centuries correspond to the scientific truth in most cases. At the same time, there are also views that rely on folk etymology and unfounded sources, and are among the scientifically unrecognized arguments.
4. The etymological comments given by the authors and translators of historical works are detailed and long in one case, they tried to cite many historical facts to prove the correctness of their opinion, but in some places such comments it comes across as short and incomplete, leaving the reader unsatisfied
5. When explaining the history of the emergence of lexical elements in such histories, it is emphasized what form and meaning they have in the Pahlavi language (in the example of the word dirafsh), but what form and meaning they have before the use of the Pahlavi language was not mentioned.
6. Noting that the authors and translators of historical works, when commenting on the history of the emergence of lexical units, explained not only their ancient and later periods in the Persian-Tajik language, but also quoted them in other non-Iranian languages, they also pointed out the sound change that occurred in this process. analyzed.
7. From the notes given by the authors and translators of historical works, it is known that some elements of the vocabulary have undergone some partial, sometimes serious changes from ancient times to the time of the authors.
8. The analysis of the words and word units mentioned in such works showed that in some copies the relatively correct form of lexical units was used, but in others, their distorted form was used. Such is the case of historians interpret the word caused certain difficulties in their doing .
9. In some cases, the base of the present tense of verbs, sometimes personal nouns, and in other places nicknames became the basis for the emergence of toponyms.
10. Some of the historically complex words were also observed in later periods, especially in the Middle Ages, when they became integrated units.
11. Geographical names of some of them own changed several times during its history and some of them has four or five names. There are also cases where the suffix ar (especially Arabic) has become popular instead of many Iranian names . This is the case The authors and translators of historical works of the X-XIII centuries are out of sight not left
12. In the historical works of this period, some personal names are used in a certain form, and several variants of some famous personal names are found. In the historiography of this period, the main reason for the difference and multivariation of some elements of such a dictionary is due to the use of their oldest, oldest and later forms or the influence of phonetic phenomena encountered in certain forms of the same word.

Some geographical names and personal names originally belonging to Iranian languages took Arabic or Turkic forms under the influence of foreign languages.

Conclusion

The lexical and etymological views of Persian-Tajik historians and translators of historical works who lived and worked in the X-XIII centuries are of high scientific importance, and they are widely used in explanatory dictionaries created to this day. At the same time, historians\' etymological presentations of some vocabulary words, toponyms, ethnonyms, anthroponyms are among the scientifically unstudied evidence and serve as an important source for future research. The number and scientific level of the lexical units analyzed by Persian-Tajik historians deserve recognition. Their number is about 300, and the analysis of Persian-Tajik words is about 100, and most of the theories are recognized by today\'s scientists. From the point of view that the occurrence of certain lexical units coincides with the period when the chronicles were written, the records of historians are valuable as the first, authentic and sometimes the only source.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2024 Bahrom Toshboyev. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.