Structural Analysis of Three-Cell Box Culverts: A Study Considering Different S/H Ratios with Diverse Skew Angles

Abstract

A crucial role is played by box culverts as vital structures, having been constructed in diverse forms and dimensions to meet a range of waterway and traffic requirements. A pathway beneath roads is offered, ensuring safe traversal without road traffic disruption, thus providing users with a secure journey. Typically, box culverts are utilized for this purpose. A variety of pressures from water, traffic, cushion, and soil are endured by these structures. In this paper to check the box culvert against various loads and alignment, 3 box cell culvert with 12 distinct cases have taken A2 to L2 having 4 sets of models of different S/H ratios 1.5, 1.75 and 2. In each sets, 4 combinations have taken of different skew angles viz. 0, 17, 34 and 51 degree respectively. After then these all 12 models have checked and efficient model under head of each degree and S/H noted. Finally, the result concluded that use skewness up to 17 degree with more S/H ratio to create an economic 3 cell box culvert.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Box culverts play a crucial role in ensuring proper water discharge, particularly in situations such as railway crossings, flyovers, and roads, where the soil's bearing capacity is limited.

They present a cost-effective alternative to bridges, especially in terms of when roadway crosses a high embankment or when discharge in the opening. While box culverts are typically constructed in place in India, other countries tend to favour them due to their affordability, economic efficiency, and swift construction. The term "box" denotes its shape, which varies based on specific requirements.

The culvert's height corresponds to its span, enabling effective management of various water sources, including irrigation, surface water, rivers, and canals. This culvert design adeptly handles storm water and floodwater during the rainy season.

II. SKEWNESS OF 3 CELL BOX CULVERT

The angular deviation from a perpendicular alignment to the roadway or watercourse span is referred to as the skewness of a three cell box culvert.

When a pair of box culverts is considered, the design and functionality are influenced by skewness as a critical factor. Challenges in hydraulic efficiency, structural stability, and overall performance are introduced by a higher degree of skewness. The skew angle significantly affects the geometry and flow dynamics of the culvert, potentially resulting in uneven water distribution, increased turbulence, and altered sediment transport patterns.

The implications of skewness in dual box culverts must be carefully assessed and addressed by engineers to ensure optimal water conveyance, structural integrity, and long-term functionality.

Factors that are used to provide different ranges of skewness provided in box culvert are:-

1. Hydraulic Considerations
2. Traffic Considerations
3. Structural Considerations

IV. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

On keeping in mind the above problem statement outlined for new research work for box culvert are given below :-

1. To check behavior in the analysis, it is recommended to take different skew angles like 0 degree, 17 degree, 34 degree and 51 degree. This analysis should be check with different S/H ratio like 1.5, 1.75 and 2.
2. For accuracy in analysis, it is essential to create and study 12 distinct cases involving various cases from 3 cell box culvert (A2 to L2).
3. To determine and compare maximum displacement in X, Y and Z direction for all the skew cases for different S/H ratios.
4. To study the variation in maximum support reactions and find out the efficient case among 12 cases (A2 to L2) for 3 cell box culverts.  
5. To determine and relate the maximum shear forces and bending moment in plate members (slab and wall member) beam member and find out the efficient case among 12 cases (A2 to L2) for 3 cell box culverts.  
6. To evaluate maximum stresses like Principal Stresses, Equivalent Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses in plate members (slab and wall member) beam member and find out the efficient case among 12 cases (A2 to L2) for 3 cell box culverts.  
7. To compare different parametric values and mark the economic one for 3 box and at last, provide the recommendations that will made a feasible construction reference.

VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I, Akash Mishra, M. Tech. Student, would like to thank Dr. Umesh Pendharkar, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain, (M.P.), India for his valuable guidance from the commencement of the work up to the completion of the work along with his encouraging thoughts.

Conclusion

The conclusion can be pointed out for 3 cell box culvert are as follows:- A. Comparison with 0 Degree 1) On comparing 0 degree, with increase in ratio, displacement decreases in X, Y and Z direction 2) On comparing 0 degree, with increase in ratio, the support reaction values in Fx decreases, Fy decreases, Fz and My first decreases then increases. 3) On comparing 0 degree, with increase in ratio, the shear forces SQx in plates decreases, SQy in plates first decreases then increases, moment Mx in plates decreases and moment My in plates decreases. 4) On comparing 0 degree, with increase in ratio, the principal stresses in plates decreases, equivalent stresses in plates decreases and shearing stresses decreases. B. Comparison with 17 Degree 1) On comparing 17 degree, with increase in ratio, displacement decreases in X, Y and Z direction 2) On comparing 17 degree, with increase in ratio, the support reaction values in Fx increases, Fy decreases, Fz increases and My increases. 3) On comparing 17 degree, with increase in ratio, the shear forces SQx in plates increases, SQy in plates increases, moment Mx in plates decreases and moment My in plates increases. 4) On comparing 17 degree, with increase in ratio, the principal stresses in plates increases, equivalent stresses in plates increases and shearing stresses increases. C. Comparison with 34 Degree 1) On comparing 34 degree, with increase in ratio, displacement decreases in X, Y and Z direction 2) On comparing 34 degree, with increase in ratio, the support reaction values in Fx increases, Fy decreases, Fz first decreases then increases and My increases. 3) On comparing 34 degree, with increase in ratio, the shear forces SQx in plates increases, SQy in plates increases, moment Mx in plates increases and moment My in plates increases. 4) On comparing 34 degree, with increase in ratio, the principal stresses in plates increases, equivalent stresses in plates increases and shearing stresses increases. D. Comparison with 51 Degree 1) On comparing 51 degree, with increase in ratio, displacement decreases in X, Y and Z direction. 2) On comparing 51 degree, with increase in ratio, the support reaction values in Fx increases, Fy increases, Fz increases and My increases. 3) On comparing 51 degree, with increase in ratio, the shear forces SQx in plates decreases, SQy in plates increases, moment Mx in plates increases and moment My in plates increases. 4) On comparing 51 degree, with increase in ratio, the principal stresses in plates increases, equivalent stresses and shearing stresses in plates first increases then decreases. E. Comparison with S/H ratios 1) For S/H ratio = 1.5 a) On comparing displacement values, maximum values observed in case D2 only for X, Y and Z direction having value of S/H ratio = 1.5 respectively. b) On comparing maximum support reactions values, as the S/H ratio is fixed to 1.5, the structure increases the forces observations. Values of Fx, Fy and Fz also increases. Observing moment values, Mx and Mz observed null values, hence not considered. My has maximum value of 4.210 KNm (C2) respectively. c) Observing shear and bending in plates, case C2 has observed maximum values when comparing cases from A2 to D2 respectively when S/H ratio is fixed for 1.5. d) Comparing all 3 stresses in plates, case C2 observed as critical case comparing when S/H ratio is fixed for 1.5. 2) For S/H ratio = 1.75 a) On comparing displacement values, maximum values observed in case H2 only for X, Y and Z direction having value of S/H ratio = 1.75 respectively. b) On comparing maximum support reactions values, as the S/H ratio is fixed to 1.75, the structure increases the forces observations. Values of Fx, Fy and Fz also increases. Observing moment values, Mx and Mz observed null values, hence not considered. My has maximum value of 4.371 KNm (G2) respectively. c) Observing shear and bending in plates, case G2 has observed maximum values when comparing cases from E2 to H2 respectively when S/H ratio is fixed for 1.75. d) Comparing all 3 stresses in plates, case G2 observed as critical case comparing when S/H ratio is fixed for 1.75. 3) For S/H ratio = 1.2 a) On comparing displacement values, maximum values observed in case L2 only for X, Y and Z direction having value of S/H ratio = 2 respectively. b) On comparing maximum support reactions values, as the S/H ratio is fixed to 2, the structure increases the forces observations. Values of Fx, Fy and Fz also increases. Observing moment values, Mx and Mz observed null values, hence not considered. My has maximum value of 4.521 KNm (K2) respectively. c) Observing shear and bending in plates, case K2 has observed maximum values when comparing cases from I2 to L2 respectively when S/H ratio is fixed for 2. d) Comparing all 3 stresses in plates, case K2 observed as critical case comparing when S/H ratio is fixed for 2. This project concluded that when comparing all the result parameters, for 3 cell box culvert, in most of the cases, 34 degree and 51 degree are more critical as compared to 17 degree and most favorable degree is 0 degree. Hence should be recommended when this type of construction procedure adopted, i.e. always use skewness upto 17 degree with more S/H ratio.

References

[1] Ye-Xin Chen, Bin Xi, Zhigang Chen and Shixuan Shen, (2023), “Study on the Hydraulic Characteristics of an Eccentric Tapering Outlet Pressure Box Culvert in a Pumping Station”, Processes, Vol. 11, paper no. 1598, pp. 1-19. [2] Hafiz Ahmed Waqas, Muhammad Waseem, Abdullah Riaz, Muhammad Ilyas, Muhammad Naveed and Hermann Seitz, (2023), “Influence of Haunch Geometry and Additional Steel Reinforcement on Load Carrying Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Box Culvert”, Materials, Vol. 16, paper no. 1409, pp. 1-18. [3] Vasu Shekhar Tanwar, Dr. M. P. Verma, Sagar Jamle, (2018), “Analytic Study of Box Culvert to Reduce Bending Moment and Displacement Values”, International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, IJCET, Vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 762-764, DOI: https://doi.org/10.14741/ijcet/v.8.3.33 [4] Vasu Shekhar Tanwar, Sagar Jamle, (2018), \"Analysis of Box Culvert to Reduce Stress Values\". International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)), vol. 5, no. 5, pp.103-105 AI Publications, doi:10.22161/ijaers.5.5.14. [5] Shimol Philip, R. Rakendu, Rajesh Lal, (2022), “Investigation on the effect of skew angle on dead and live-loads in RC skew box culverts for Road Under Bridge (RUB) design”, Materials Today: Proceedings, pp. 1-9. [6] Miranzadeh Azam, Keshavarzi Alireza, Hamidifar Hossein, (2022), “Blockage of box-shaped and circular culverts under flood event conditions: a laboratory investigation”, Intl. J. River Basin Management, Taylor & Francis & International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research, pp. 1-33. [7] Kicheol Lee, Joonyoung Kim and Sang Inn Woo, (2022), “Analysis of Horizontal Earth Pressure Acting on Box Culverts through Centrifuge Model Test”, Appl. Sci., Vol. 12, paper no. 1993, pp. 1-16. [8] Jiancong Xu, Huihao Xue and Guorong Rui, (2022), “Theoretical Analysis of Rock Blasting Damage in Construction of Tunnels Closely Under-Passing Sewage Box Culverts”, Appl. Sci., Vol. 12, paper no. 9875, pp. 1-20. [9] Shimol Philip, R. Rakendu, Rajesh Lal, (2021), “The impact of geofoam on the bending moment characteristics of reinforced concrete box culverts for road under bridge (RUB) design”, Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 52, pp. 2305-2314. [10] Irpan Hidayat, Made Suangga, Felix Hartanto (2021), “Construction cost effectiveness comparison on I-girder bridge and box culvert”, 4th International Conference on Eco Engineering Development 2020, Vol. 794, Issue 2021, pp. 1-9. [11] Z Patongloan, R Irmawaty and A B Muhiddin, (2020), “The bending capacity of box culvert for railway tracks”, The 5th Annual Applied Science and Engineering Conference (AASEC 2020), Vol. 1098, Issue 2021, pp. 1-6. [12] Osama Salem Hussien, (2020), “REDUCTION OF BOX CULVERT STRESSES”, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, Vol. 19, Issue 11, pp. 1969-1974. [13] Osama S. Hussien, (2020), “Effect of haunch on the stresses of box culvert”, AIMS Environmental Science, Vol. 7, Issue 1, pp. 31-45. [14] Roshan Patel, Sagar Jamle, (2019), “Analysis and Design of Box Culvert: A Manual Approach”, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS), ISSN: 2349-6495, Vol. 6, Issue 3, pp. 286-291. [15] Roshan Patel, Sagar Jamle, (2019), “Analysis and Design of Box Culvert: A Review”, International Journal for Research in Engineering Application & Management (IJREAM), ISSN-2454-9150, Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 266-270. [16] Prashant Kumar Tripathi and Rajendra Kumar Srivastava, (2019), “EFFECT OF SKEW ANGLES ON A SKEW SLAB BOX CULVERT”, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), ISSN-2349-5162, Vol. 6, Issue 6, pp. 136-141. [17] Saurav, Ishaan Pandey, (2017), “Economic Design Of Rcc Box Culvert Through Comparative Study Of Conventional And Finite Element Method”, International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET), ISSN : 0975-4024, Vol 9, Issue 3, pp. 1707-1713. [18] I. Siva Rama Krishna, Ch. Hanumantha Rao, (2017), “STUDY ON BOX CULVERT SOIL INTERACTION”, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN : 0976-6316, Vol. 8, Issue 1, pp. 734-738.

Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Akash Mishra, Dr. Umesh Pendharkar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.