A Review Paper on Study of Air Pollution and its Control Measures

Abstract

: In this paper, we walked you through the definition of air pollution and it\'s introduction, and then classified the various causes of air pollution and then it\'s different hazardous effects on us. The Pollution refers to any unwanted change that occurs in the environment. The air pollution is caused by pollutants that are harmful substances. Air pollution refers to the contamination of air due to the presence of chemicals, harmful gases, and dangerous elements. These include methane, ammonia, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and so on. The effects of air pollution on the environment include depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, an increase in CFCs, skin problems, breathing disorders, and so on. It is time we look for fresh control measures for air pollution. We should try everything, from switching to an electric car to using renewable sources of energy and many other control measures are mentioned below to control the air pollution.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Air pollution is a contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere.

Households combustion devices, motor vehicles, industrial facilities and forest fires are common sources of air pollution.

It may cause diseases, allergies or death in humans, harm animals and may damage the natural or built environment. Human activity and natural processes can both generate air pollution.

It refers to the release of pollutants into the air which are determinental to human health and the planet as a whole. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), each year air pollution is responsible for nearly seven million deaths around the globe.

As the pollutants in the air cannot be seen with our naked eyes, we don’t realize the sources of the increasing pollution levels. In order to understand the sources of air pollution, we need to first go through the basic causes of air pollution and its control measures.

II. OBJECTIVES

1. To know what exactly air pollution is.
2. To be aware of causes of air pollution.
3. To informed others about the control measures we should do to avoid air pollution.
4. The objective of air pollution control is to prevent adverse responses by all receptor categories exposed to the atmosphere: human, animal, vegetable, and material. 
5. Reduction of population exposure to air pollution
6. Harmonize national legislation with international approaches
7. Address air quality standards
8. mention air quality monitoring

III. CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION

A. Burning of Fossils Fuels

The combustion of fossil fuels emits a large amount of sulphur dioxide. Carbon monoxide released by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels also results in air pollution.

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VI. MEASURES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION

1. Since industrial emissions are one of the major causes of air pollution, the pollutants can be controlled or treated at the source itself to reduce its effects. For example, if the reactions of a certain raw material yield a pollutant, then the raw materials can be substituted with other less polluting materials.
2. Fuel substitution is another way of controlling air pollution. In many parts of India, petrol and diesel are being replaced by CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) fueled vehicles. These are mostly adopted by vehicles that aren’t fully operating with ideal emission engines.
3. Although there are many practices in India, which focus on repairing the quality of air, most of them are either forgotten or not being enforced properly. There are still a lot of vehicles on roads which haven’t been tested for vehicle emissions.
4. Another way of controlling air pollution caused by industries is to modify and maintain existing pieces of equipment so that the emission of pollutants is minimised.
5. Sometimes controlling pollutants at the source is not possible. In that case, we can have process control equipment to control the pollution.
6. A very effective way of controlling air pollution is by diluting the air pollutants.
7. The last and the best way of reducing the ill effects of air pollution is tree plantation. Plants and trees reduce a large number of pollutants in the air. Ideally, planting trees in areas of high pollution levels will be extremely effective.

VII. LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Akinbami L.J., Lynch, C.D., Parker, J.D., Woodruff, T.J. (2010).

The association between childhood asthma prevalence and monitored air pollutants in metropolitan areas, United States, 2011-2004. Environmental Research. 110(3):294-301.

2. Balti, E.V., Echouffo -Tcheuqui, J.B., Yako, Y.Y., Kengne, A.P. (2014).

Air pollution and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 106(2): 161-172.

3. Bell, M.L., Dominici, F., Samet, M. (2005).

A meta-analysis of time-series studies of ozone and mortality with comparison to the national morbidity, mortality, and air pollution study. Epidemiology. 16(4): 436-445.

4. Sameer Kumar1 and Dhruv Kotaria Department of Environment Engineering, Delhi Technological University (D.C.E), Bawana, Delhi, India. (2013).

A Better technology to control the air pollution and toxic gases like NOX, VOC, SO2, Mercury : ISSN 2231-1319

5. Kampa M et al

Human health effects of air pollution. Environ Pollution 2008; 151: 362-367.

6. Kader R et al

Indoor environmental interventions and their effect on asthma outcomes. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18 (3): 17

7. Zhu, J. M., & Wang, J. L. (2021)

The effects of fuel content regulation at ports on regional pollution and shipping industry [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 106, 102424. 

8. Marcus, M. (2021).

Going beneath the surface: Petroleum pollution, regulation, and health [J]. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 13(1), 1–37.

9. Beach, B., & Hanlon

W. W. (2018). Coal smoke and mortality in an early industrial economy [J]. The Economic Journal, 128(615), 2652–2675

10. Currie, J., & Neidell, M. (2005)

Air pollution and infant health: What can we learn from California’s recent experience [J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(3), 1003–1030.

Conclusion

1) After studying the reviews, we conclude that every kind of pollution leaves a huge negative impact on our environment, human lives, animals etc. We, as responsible citizens, must take steps towards a better tomorrow. 2) Tackling air pollution can provide numerous benefits to society, from improving a city\'s resilience, to making our cities more inviting and pleasant places to live. 3) Addressing the air pollution challenge will therefore also help with a number of other challenges, particularly in light of a rising population.

References

[1] Akinbami L.J., Lynch, C.D., Parker, J.D., Woodruff, T.J. (2010). [2] Balti, E.V., Echouffo -Tcheuqui, J.B., Yako, Y.Y., Kengne, A.P. (2014). [3] Bell, M.L., Dominici, F., Samet, M. (2005). [4] Sameer Kumar1 and Dhruv Kotaria,Department of Environment Engineering, Delhi Technological University (D.C.E), Bawana, Delhi, India. (2013). [5] Kampa M et al [6] Kader R et al [7] Zhu, J. M., & Wang, J. L. (2021) [8] Marcus, M. (2021). [9] Beach, B., & Hanlon [10] W. W. (2018).

Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Prof. Lokesh Harsulkar, Janhavi V. Dere, Vedant V. Lokhande, Rani P. Landge, Bhavesh P. Giratkar, Pawan P. Girolkar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.