Switchable Solar Powered Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Abstract

This paper explores the concept of utilizing solar power for charging batteries that can be switched as per need while operating an electric vehicle. The paper discusses the advantages of solar power as a renewable energy source and its potential to revolutionize the way we charge batteries. By examining the current technology and trends in solar power and battery storage, the paper highlights the feasibility and benefits of using solar power for charging batteries that can be easily switched based on demand. The potential applications and implications of this technology in various industries are also discussed. Overall, this paper aims to shed light on the innovative approach of combining solar power and battery technology for sustainable and efficient energy storage solutions.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

In the realm of sustainable energy solutions, the integration of solar power and battery technology has emerged as a game-changing innovation with far-reaching implications. As the world grapples with the urgent need to reduce carbon emissions and transition towards a more environmentally friendly energy infrastructure, the convergence of solar power and battery storage holds immense promise in revolutionizing the way we generate, store, and utilize clean energy. This project sets out to explore the synergistic potential of solar power and battery technology in the context of electric vehicles, aiming to drive forward the adoption of renewable energy sources in the transportation sector.

Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained considerable traction in recent years as a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. However, the widespread adoption of EVs is contingent upon addressing key challenges such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure, and overall energy efficiency. By harnessing the power of solar panels to generate electricity and storing it in high-capacity batteries, this project seeks to overcome these barriers and unlock the full potential of electric vehicles as a viable and eco-friendly mode of transportation.

The integration of solar power into electric vehicles offers a myriad of benefits, chief among them being the ability to generate clean energy on-the-go. By equipping EVs with solar panels, drivers can tap into a sustainable source of power to charge their vehicles' batteries, thereby reducing their reliance on grid electricity and lowering their carbon footprint. Moreover, solar-powered EVs can potentially extend their driving range by harnessing sunlight to supplement the energy stored in their batteries, providing a practical solution to range anxiety and enhancing the overall efficiency of electric vehicles.

In addition to enhancing the sustainability of electric vehicles, the incorporation of solar power and battery technology holds significant implications for energy savings and grid resilience. By leveraging solar panels to charge EV batteries during daylight hours, excess energy can be stored for later use, effectively reducing peak demand on the grid and alleviating strain on conventional power sources. Furthermore, the decentralized nature of solar-powered EV charging stations can enhance grid resilience by diversifying energy sources and reducing dependency on centralized power generation facilities.

This project aims to delve into the technical intricacies of integrating solar power and battery storage in electric vehicles, exploring innovative solutions to optimize energy efficiency, enhance driving range, and maximize environmental benefits. Through a combination of theoretical analysis, simulation studies, and practical experimentation, this project seeks to demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of solar-powered electric vehicles as a sustainable transportation solution for the future.

By showcasing the potential of solar power and battery technology in revolutionizing the electric vehicle industry, this project endeavors to catalyze broader adoption of renewable energy sources in transportation and pave the way for a greener, more sustainable future. Through collaboration with industry partners, academic institutions, and government agencies, this project aims to drive forward innovation in clean energy technologies and accelerate the transition towards a low-carbon economy.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Solar Powered Battery Charging System with Maximum Power Point Tracking: This study suggests a solar-powered, eco-friendly charging system for lithium-ion batteries used in battery-electric vehicles. An effective way to use solar energy is with a DC-DC Cuk converter. In the converter, the perturb and observe algorithm is applied. Battery voltage, current, and state of charge are continuously measured, and the CUK converter's duty ratio is adjusted to charge the battery as a result.
2. Solar Energy Storage in the Rechargeable Batteries: Rechargeable battery technology, particularly the more straightforward solar-powered rechargeable batteries, offers a way to directly accomplish clean energy charging while simultaneously significantly increasing the appeal of solar energy. The use of highly efficient nanophotocatalysts to convert solar energy into batteries has served as an example of this idea. In this review, we provide a succinct overview of the traditional uses of solar energy and methodically go over the newer uses for rechargeable batteries. Furthermore, the difficulties and future prospects of solar-powered rechargeable batteries have been discussed. The creation of rechargeable batteries that run on solar energy would be extremely beneficial to the development of a resource-conserving society.
3. Battery-powered and Solar Powered Wireless Sensor Nodes: In this paper, we compare the use of battery powered against solar cell powered power. We look at the basic parameters and characteristics of both power supplies. We look at capacity or volume. We look at low self discharge. We look at shorter recharge time. We look at energy density. We look at power efficiency to power sensor nodes. We look at lower costs. We look at characteristics like size and weight.
4. Design of a Solar Powered Battery Charger: A Solar Powered Battery Charger is a battery charger that uses a photovoltaic panel to convert solar energy into electricity. The output power of the panel is controlled by a DC/DC converter, and the charging current of the battery is controlled by the software. The software uses an optimal control algorithm to get maximum available power from the sunshine. Simulation and experimental results are shown and compared. The solar powered battery charger can be used in light electrical vehicles such as golf carts and scooters, as well as in airport utility vehicles and other renewable power stations that use batteries for energy storage.
5. Solar Battery Charger: The proper uses of solar energy and its different application which are using at home defense sector, marines, remote area etc

III. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising solution to mitigate environmental pollution and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. However, the limited range and long charging times of EV batteries remain significant barriers to their widespread adoption. Integrating solar-powered batteries into electric vehicles presents a potential solution to address these challenges.The problem statement revolves around optimizing the design, efficiency, and integration of solar-powered batteries within electric vehicles to enhance their performance, extend their range, and reduce dependency on grid charging.

IV. METHODOLOGY

A. Theory

The switchable solar powered and normal chargeable battery system for electric vehicles is designed to integrate seamlessly with existing EV frameworks while introducing significant enhancements in energy management and operational flexibility. The system comprises several key components: photovoltaic panels, modular switchable battery packs, a battery switching mechanism, an energy management system (EMS), a powertrain, and a cooling and ventilation system.

The photovoltaic panels are strategically integrated into the vehicle’s structure, such as the roof, hood, and trunk, to maximize solar energy capture. These panels convert sunlight into electrical energy, which is then stored in the battery packs. The modular battery packs are designed for easy replacement, allowing for quick swapping of depleted batteries with fully charged ones. This feature is particularly advantageous in scenarios where solar charging alone is insufficient, and grid charging can supplement the energy needs.

The battery switching mechanism is engineered to facilitate seamless exchanges of battery packs, incorporating automated systems for locking, alignment, and electrical connectivity. The energy management system plays a crucial role in optimizing energy conversion, storage, and distribution. It prioritizes solar energy utilization while managing grid charging effectively to ensure the vehicle operates efficiently.

The powertrain is responsible for converting stored electrical energy into mechanical energy, propelling the vehicle. A sophisticated cooling and ventilation system ensures that the PV panels and battery packs operate within optimal temperature ranges, enhancing their efficiency and lifespan.

B. Hardware

1. Lithium-Ion Battery (3.7V)

 - Overview: Lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion) are rechargeable batteries that operate by moving lithium ions between the anode and cathode. A typical single cell has a nominal voltage of 3.7 volts.

- Advantages: High energy density, lightweight, long cycle life, and low self-discharge rate.

 - Applications: Used in a wide range of devices such as smartphones, laptops, electric vehicles, and portable electronics.

2. Solar Panel

-Overview: Solar panels convert sunlight into electrical energy using the photovoltaic (PV) effect. They are composed of numerous solar cells made from semiconductor materials like silicon.

- Advantages: Renewable energy source, reduces electricity bills, minimal maintenance, and is eco-friendly.

- Applications: Employed in residential and commercial solar power systems, solar-powered devices, and supplemental power sources for electric vehicles.

3. Jumper Wires

- Overview: Jumper wires are short wires used to connect components in a circuit without soldering. They typically have male or female connectors on either end.

- Advantage: Easy to use, flexible, and reusable, making them ideal for breadboarding and prototyping.

- Applications: Commonly used in breadboard setups, Arduino projects, and other electronic experiments to establish temporary connections.

4. DC Motors

- Overview: DC motors convert direct current electrical energy into mechanical motion. They consist of a rotor, stator, and commutator.

- Advantages: Simple design, precise speed control, high starting torque, and efficient operation.

- Applications: Widely used in electric vehicles, household appliances, industrial machinery, robotics, and various other applications.

5. SPDT Switch

- Overview: A Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) switch is a type of electrical switch that has one input and two outputs. It can connect the input to either of the two outputs.

  - Advantages Versatile, allows switching between two different circuits or states, simple to use.

  - Applications: Used in applications where a circuit needs to be switched between two different paths, such as selecting between power sources or control modes in electronic projects.

6. 4056 BMS/Charging Module

- Overview: The TP4056 is a lithium-ion battery management system (BMS) and charging module that provides protection and charging capabilities for 3.7V Li-ion batteries. It includes overcharge, over-discharge, and short circuit protection.

- Advantages: Ensures safe charging, protects batteries from damage, and is easy to integrate into battery-powered projects.

- Applications: Utilized in DIY electronics, portable battery packs, rechargeable battery systems, and projects requiring safe charging and battery management.

V. FUTURE SCOPE

The future scope of the project on switchable solar-powered batteries for electric vehicles is multifaceted and promising. It involves further optimizing the system's performance, enhancing its integration with emerging technologies such as vehicle-to-grid systems and wireless charging.

Scaling up production and commercialization efforts will be crucial for widespread adoption, necessitating collaboration with automotive manufacturers and energy companies. Advocacy for supportive policies and regulatory frameworks will also play a pivotal role in incentivizing adoption and investment. Additionally, comprehensive consumer education initiatives will be vital for increasing awareness and understanding of the technology's benefits. Continuous innovation and research will drive the project forward, ensuring its relevance and impact in shaping a sustainable future for transportation

VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune, for not only providing us with the opportunity to work on this topic but also for fostering an environment of excellence and innovation. Their support was not limited to access to technical resources; the project guide, Dr Prof. Sanika Patankar and the Head of Department, Dr Prof. Shilpa Sondkar, were informative and co-operative and always ready to assist us in our respective fields. Their mentorship and willingness to share their knowledge significantly enhanced the quality and depth of our research.  Furthermore, I would like to express my profound appreciation for the unwavering support of our parents, siblings, and friends. Their encouragement, patience, and belief in our abilities sustained us through the challenges and triumphs of this project. Their sacrifices and understanding during our long hours of research and study were crucial in making this endeavor a reality. We are truly grateful for the constant motivation and the strength that my loved ones provided.

Finally, we would also like to acknowledge the broader academic community for the valuable resources and insights they have shared over the course of this project. This collective effort, encompassing the guidance and support from our institution, our families, our peers, Dr Prof.Sanika Patankar and the Head of Department, Dr Prof.Shilpa Sondkar, has been instrumental in the successful completion of this report.

Conclusion

The development of switchable solar-powered batteries for electric vehicles presents a promising solution to the challenges of sustainable transportation and renewable energy integration. Through this project, we have demonstrated the feasibility of integrating solar panels with battery systems in electric vehicles, allowing for increased energy efficiency and reduced reliance on conventional power sources Our experimentation and analysis have shown that the switchable system effectively harnesses solar energy to supplement battery power, extending the vehicle\'s range and reducing its carbon footprint. While further optimization and refinement may be needed, our findings underscore the potential of this technology to contribute to a more sustainable future.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2024 Arundhati Giri, Amogh Dongre, Swapnil Irkate, Priti Kedare, Sanika Patankar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.