The Case Study of Isothermal Adsorption of Phenol, O-cresol on Natural Charcoal’s and Applications

Abstract

This Activated carbon (AC) was synthesized using inexpensive Coconut shell and Coconut coir’s by a simple and efficient method. The adsorption experiments were well incorporated on the AC surface by the reactions of Aromatic chemical (o-cresol and phenol) at low temperatures. The complete formation and distribution nanoparticles on the surface of AC have been analysed and explained by different analytical techniques such as TG-DTA, NTA, UV-VISIBLE, DRS, FTIR, XRD. Further, the adsorption property was investigated through adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms, and thermodynamics parameters. The maximum adsorption capacity (Q max) of adsorbent was displayed at Coconut shell charcoal rather than coconut coir’s charcoal for both aromatic compounds. The application of the Coconut shell charcoal and coconut coir’s have made to adsorption study of Mithi river and Industrial water inlet collected from industry. The importance and role of the AC were examined by a comparative adsorption study of the previous work done. The adsorption studies confirmed that adsorption of adsorbates takes place via the formation of hydrogen bonding, ?-? interactions and metal coordination between adsorbent and pollutants. Overall results suggested that AC-Coconut shell and Coconut coir’s is a prominent adsorbent for efficient removal of pollutant from polluted water.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

A major problem in the development of suitable treatment technologies for pollutants is the large number of compounds to be taken into consideration consisting essentially of infinite combination of these substances which may be found in any given   water stream. Activated charcoal is charcoal that has been treated with oxygen at very high temperatures to make it more porous. This treatment changes its internal structure, reducing the size of its pores and increasing its surface area.

So much additional surface area is created during the activation process that 50 grams of activated charcoal (which is about the weight of 20 U.S. pennies) has 17.5 times more surface area than a full-size football field, according to a 2016 study in the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.  The charcoal’s porous texture has a negative electrical charge, which causes it to attract Positively charged molecules, such as toxins and gases. When liquids or gases pass through this activated charcoal, they bind to it through a process known as adsorption.  Activated charcoal may help filter water by removing contaminants, suspended solids, and microorganisms like bacteria - all without affecting the water’s pH or taste. Adsorption is a reversible reaction; at a given solute concentration. Adsorbates can attach themselves onto surfaces in two ways. In physisorption (physical adsorption), there is a weak van der Waals attraction of the adsorbates to the surface. During the process of physisorption, the chemical identity of the adsorbate remains intact. Physisorption is a spontaneous process (?G & lt; 0), since ?S is negative, so ?H be exothermic. In chemisorption (chemical adsorption), the adsorbates stick to the solid by the formation of a chemical bond with the surface. This interaction is much stronger than physisorption and in general, chemisorption has more stringent requirements for the compatibility of adsorbate and surface than physisorption [1-4].

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Materials

All the chemicals used were of the analytical grade (AR) and with of highest purity. Coconut shell activated charcoal powdered, Coconut coir’s activated charcoal powdered,5-6 stoppered reagent bottles, thermostat, burette, 4 pipettes, measuring flask, 4 funnels, 4 burettes (50 ml), filtering papers, rubber stoppers, 4 titrimetric conical flasks, 0.1M NaOH, Phenol, o-cresol, Oxalic acid, Sodium Hydroxide, phenolphthalein.

B. Methods

1. Preparation of Natural Charcoal: Coconut Shell-CS, Coconut Coir’s-CC

a. Pre-treatment:

• CS and CC weighted about 193.47gm and 14.739 gm respectively.
• Three washing treatment to CS and CC with minimum distilled water
• Took desired quantity of CS, CC with minimum distilled water for heating/boiling for 30 min and 10 min respectively
• Dried naturally for 1 hr 30 min under sunlight.

b. Carbonation:

2. Preparation of Stock Solution of Phenol in water: Approximately 0.1 M solution of phenol was prepared by dissolving 4.5429 ml of purified phenol in freshly boiled and called distilled water and diluting to 500 ml in volumetric flask.

3. Preparation of Stock Solution of o-cresol in water: Approximately 0.1 M solution of o-cresol was prepared by dissolving 5.6076 ml of purified phenol in freshly boiled and called distilled water and diluting to 500 ml in volumetric flask.

4. Preparation of Phenolphthalein indicator: Weigh 0.05 g Phenolphthalein add 50 ml 95% ethanol (9.5ml ethanol + 0.5ml distilled water) and add 50 ml distilled water to get Solution of Phenolphthalein indicator.

III. EXPERIMENTAL

A. Standardization of NaOH

Prepare 250 cm3 approximately 0.1M Sodium hydroxide (0.45g) solution and 100 cm3 0.05M oxalic acid(1g) solution.

B. Prepare Aqueous Solution Of Phenol/O-Cresol Into Numbered Flasks Following The Scheme Given In The Table

Table 2: Total Volume Of Each Solution Is 50 Ml. Use Flasks Fitted With Stoppers.

???????C. Procedure

1. Weigh out accurately about 2g finely ground activated charcoal in each of the thoroughly cleaned and dried bottles, numbered as 1to 4.
2. Prepare 500 ml approximately 0.1M Phenol/o-cresol solution by taking distilled water and diluting it to 500cm3 in a volumetric flask.
3. By means of burettes, add 20, 15,10, 5 cm3 of the acid solution and 0, 5, 10,15 of distilled water in bottle no.s 1,2,3,4 respectively.
4. Shake the bottles vigorously and leave them in a thermostat at the desired temperature for about one hour.
5. Titrate standard oxalic acid solution with sodium hydroxide solution and find the exact concentration of the latter.
6. Then titrate phenol by using phenolphthalein indicator with standardised NaOH, and determine the exact concentration of the solution.
7. Filter the solutions of each of the bottles through different small dry filter papers, and collect the filtrates in properly labelled flasks.
8. Reject first 5-10 cm3 of the filtrate in each case.
9. Take an aliquot of each filtrate (5 cm3 from the first and 2nd ,10cm3 from 3rd and 4th and titrate with standardised solution.
10. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of the phenol/o-cresol in each bottle.
11. Tabulate your observation n results.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Activated carbon (AC) was synthesized using inexpensive of Coconut shell and Coconut coir’s by a simple and efficient method with very high adsorption capacity. The adsorption experiments were well incorporated on the AC surface via the reactions of Aromatic chemical (o-cresol and phenol) at low temperatures. The complete formation and distribution nanoparticles on the surface of AC have been analysed and explained via different analytical techniques such as TG-DTA, NTA, UV-VISIBLE, DRS, FTIR, XRD. Further, the adsorption property was investigated through adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms, and thermodynamics parameters. The maximum adsorption capacity (Q max) of adsorbent was displayed at Coconut shell charcoal rather than coconut coir’s charcoal for aromatic compounds - phenol and o-cresol.

The application of the Coconut shell charcoal and coconut coir’s have made to adsorption study of Mithi river and Industrial water inlet collected from National Peroxide Ltd. Hydrogen peroxide production industry. Moreover, the importance and role of the AC were examined by a comparative adsorption study of the previous work done.

???????A. TG-DTA (Thermogravimetry Differential Thermal Analysis)

The Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis Was performed by using The ‘NanoSight NTA LM20’ instrument which uses a laser light source to illuminate nano-scale particles. Enhanced by a near-perfect black background, particles appear individually as point- scatterers, moving under Brownian motion. Polydisperse and multimodal systems are instantly recognizable and quantifiable, as are agglomerates and contaminants. The image analysis NTA software suite allows the user to automatically track and size nanoparticles on an individual basis. Results are displayed as a frequency size distribution graph and output to spreadsheet.

Particle size distribution was studied using particle size analyzer.  The sample was given pre-treatment before carrying out analysis. The pre-treatment involved sonicating the sample with minimum amount of distilled water in order to reduce the particle sizes for about 10 minutes. Fig.2.1 shows that the particle size distribution is from 0 to 97nm with maximum at 53nm. In the size distribution of nanoparticles, maximum particles are observed to be of size 53nm.

The XRD of Activated charcoal, Coconut shell charcoal and coconut coir’s charcoal

The patterns were obtained over a 2θ range from 20? to 80? as shown in fig.19 The peaks were in close agreement with JCPDS card numbers 00-0560159 associated to activated charcoal The plane orientation of Activated charcoal was confirmed by the presence of characteristic peaks around  0 0 2), (1 0 0 ), (1 0 1) planes. There’s no such impressive report we get because the sample was amorphous.

V. APPLICATIONS

Applications of AC are enormous. Activated carbon can be used for removal of poisonous heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. Adsorption in this case is due to the surface complex formation between the metal ions and the acidic surface function group of AC. Adsorption is due to the surface complex formation between the metal ions and the acidic surface function group of AC. The removal efficiency is influenced by various factors, such as solution concentration, solution pH, ionic strength, nature of adsorbate, adsorbent modification procedure, Physical properties (surface area, porosity), and the chemical nature of AC For example lead, cadmium, mercuric ions all are very toxic and carcinogenic. Lead is also a cumulative metabolic poison, acting as a mutagen when adsorbed in excessive amounts. These ions can not be removed from water with classic physical or chemical treatments completely. In order to make it economical, fixed bed systems containing granular carbon could be used in tertiary treatment of wastewater. [5-14]

The application of the Coconut shell charcoal and coconut coir’s have made to adsorption study of Mithi river and Industrial water inlet collected from industry.

Table 8 : Titration for Coconut Shell charcoal: Mithi river water

Table 9 : Titration for Coconut coir’s charcoal: Mithi river water

Table 10 : Titration for Coconut Shell charcoal: Industrial water inlet

Table 11 : Titration for Coconut coir’s charcoal: Industrial water inlet

VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors thank to The Director Institute of The Institute of Science, Dr. Homi Bhabha State University, Mumbai. Also thank to other faculty members of Botany, Zoology, Physics department, for their time-to-time suggestions to develop the project. We are also grateful to Master Builders Solution India Pvt. Ltd. Nerul.

Conclusion

Adsorption process is a powerful technique that can be used for efficient removal or uptake of pollutant materials from gas and liquid phases. Activated charcoal is one of the most important adsorbents that can be employed for these purposes. The use of AC is perhaps the best broad spectrum control technology available at present moment. It is also quite possible to increase the amount of adsorption of inorganics by impregnating the activated carbon with suitable chemicals. The selection of impregnating material should be so that it encourages the adsorption via usual chemical reactions (e.g. neutralization, redox, hydrolysis, precipitation and catalytic reactions). Among the many factors affecting sorption or removal of toxic materials from aqueous solutions, the pH effect is the most prominent especially in the case of inorganics, weak organic acid and bases which their dissociation is highly pH dependent.[15] The adsorption studies confirmed that adsorption of adsorbates takes place via the formation of hydrogen bonding, ?-? interactions and metal coordination between adsorbent and pollutants. Recyclability test and adsorption of pollutants in synthetic effluents illustrated the sustainability of AC-Coconut shell and Coconut coir’s adsorbent. Overall results suggested that AC-Coconut shell and Coconut coir’s is a prominent adsorbent for efficient removal of pollutants present in the polluted water.[16]

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Ravibabu Ambadas Tayade, Aparajita Chandrabhan Kanojiya. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.