The Systems Design and Construction for Solar Agricultural Water Pumps

Abstract

One of the biggest issues in the world\\\'s energy system is the scarcity of energy resources and the horrifying pollution that results from their widespread usage, which calls for a solution to the long-term energy crisis that is currently taking place. Since the sun is the most powerful source of energy, scientists have been trying to figure out why solar energy cannot be used to create electricity for so long. Solar energy may be produced from sunlight either directly using photovoltaic (PV) technology or indirectly using concentrated solar power. This essay addresses a topic in agriculture where a specific application has been highlighted as having the potential to effectively alleviate the farming industry. In order to demonstrate how the model will really function in the irrigation industry in the near future, a solar water pumping system is explained along with the creation of a hardware model. In order to be further implemented for large-scale use, a micro model is tested with and proven here

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Solar radiations are produced as a byproduct of the sun's nuclear fission of hydrogen atoms into helium, which releases energy. The sun is a massive source of energy. The quantity of solar energy that the earth's surface receives when this solar radiation strikes it is around 1367 W (watt) per square metre. Then, these sun rays may be employed for a variety of things, including heating, Flat plate collectors, which absorb heat and transmit it to a fluid (such as water or air), can be used to generate electricity for solar heating. Photovoltaic cells are used in the solar energy production process to turn solar radiation (energy) into electricity for later use. Another renewable source of energy is solar power.

Our technology harnesses this solar energy to generate power that powers a water pump for use in agriculture. Farmers are no longer dependent on grid electricity as a result of the elimination of the power needed to run the pump. In areas of the world where various energy sources are being used for work, the need and demand for energy are growing geometrically. In comparison to other energy sources, solar energy is becoming more and more popular throughout the world since it is always available and produces no pollution..

The amount of solar energy that is made accessible varies depending on the geographical location, the time of day, and the season. The amount of solar irradiance that falls on a specific area determines the amount of solar energy that is accessible there. The amount of solar radiation falling on a surface is known as solar irradiance and is expressed in kW/m2. .

Although harnessing solar energy is a relatively recent concept, it is free and infinite. All forms of energy on earth are taken from the sun, which is the planet's main source of energy. The potential for solar energy is the highest of any renewable energy source.  In comparison to other energy sources, solar energy has been shown to be extremely efficient and ecologically beneficial in many design and invention fields. In the form of electrical energy, solar energy may be utilised to pump water from wells or streams to overhead tanks for storage or for use directly on farms. The electrical pump and fuel pumps are two other techniques for pumping water. When compared to the solar pump, each of them has advantages and disadvantages. As contrast to water pumps that are driven by grid electricity or diesel, solar-powered pumps run on electricity produced by photovoltaic panels or the radiated heat energy from captured sunshine. In comparison to pumps driven by internal combustion engines (ICEs), the operation of solar-powered pumps is more cost-effective, primarily because of lower operating and maintenance expenses. When there is no access to the grid and other energy sources, particularly wind, are insufficient, solar pumps can be used.

Around the world, conventional electricity or electricity produced by diesel engines are typically used for water pumping. Solar water pumping reduces reliance on coal-, gas-, or diesel-based power. In addition to requiring expensive fuels, diesel and propane-based water pumping systems can produce noise and air pollution

A diesel pump is 2-4 times more expensive than a solar photovoltaic (PV) pump overall, as well as to operate and maintain. Solar pumping systems don't use any fuel, are minimal maintenance, and are environmentally benign. PV pumping is one of the most potential uses of solar energy, especially given the lack of grid electricity in rural and isolated places in the majority of the globe.

With the exception of using solar energy as its power source, the technique is similar to any other conventional water pumping system. Due to the lack of access to energy and the rising cost of petrol, PV water pumping has become more and more important in recent yearsThe size of the PV array and incident solar radiation both affect the flow rate of pumped water.  Comparing a correctly constructed PV system to traditional pumping systems, considerable long-term cost reductions are achieved. Additionally, tanks may be utilised to store water instead of the need for batteries to do so for energy. In underdeveloped nations, agricultural output is heavily reliant on rainfall, and it suffers when there isn't enough water during the summer. 

Although summertime offers the most solar radiation, more water may be pumped to fulfil rising demand for water. Urban water supply systems require power to pump water in cities. PV pumping systems may be used for water supply in rural, urban, community, industry, and academic organisations.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Numerous investigations on solar-powered water pumping systems have been conducted during the past few of years. An observation from related investigations is as follows: For farms that need water in isolated, poor, and backward regions, solar water pumps can offer straightforward, effective, and low-labor watering choices. 

The following are some significant considerations with solar water pumping systems: Instead of storing electricity in batteries, water is kept in metallic or plastic tanks. This lowers expenses and greatly simplifies the system

 Additionally, a float switch stops the pump when the tank is full. The current supply to the pump is smoothed out using an electronic pump control system. It functions similarly to an automated gearbox in that it facilitates the pump's startup and nighttime operation. Slow and steady wins the race, as we've heard with the turtle and the hare. 

Many solar pumps are designed to run slowly throughout the day, which enables water to be pushed across great distances and up steep slopes. Smaller diameter pipe is needed for slow pumps, which lowers installation costs..

Slow pumps are also more energy-efficient and enable the utilisation of scarce water resources, such a slowly replenishing well. Water conservation should be used to lower a system's total cost. Considering how costly photovoltaic or PV modules are, every effort to reduce water usage will reduce the cost of installation. Smaller systems with less efficient combustion engines are often where solar pumps are most competitive..

 We studied the solar water pump's photovoltaic operation and contrasted it with the operation of a diesel water pump.

 We found that employing different sensors for the various tasks allowed us to decrease the amount of physical labour required and efficiently utilise water. 

  The solar pump is compared to the diesel pump in such a way that the solar pump is found to be more cost-effective than the diesel pump. 

 Solar electric power is a great option for distant water pumping because of its affordability and dependability. 

 The initial cost of installing solar is significant, but the ongoing maintenance expenses are modest.

III. DESIGN & WORKING

A. Diagram

B. Working Principle

The charge controller is linked to the solar panel. The battery is charged using the charge controller. The panel keeps the battery charged to capacity. 

One end of the pump is inserted into the bore hole, while the other end is placed in the tank. The pump is linked to the battery. The pump now draws water from the bore well to fill the tank when the switch is turned on.

C. Methodology

The solar water pumping module and the automatic irrigation module are the two primary components of the irrigation system. Solar panel, control circuit, battery, and a water pump driven by solar energy are all included in the solar pumping module..

Electrical energy that may be utilised to power the water pump is produced by solar panels with the necessary capacity. The direct current (dc) generated by a solar panel is converted into alternating current (ac) using a circuit known as a converter. The direct current generated by the solar panel is also stored in a battery. All of the systems' numerous processes are automated when using the automatic irrigation module, therefore ongoing monitoring and feedback are not necessary..

Components Used: 

Solar Panel

Battery 

Centrifugal Pump

Converter Circuit 

Water Tank

1. Solar Panel

A bundled and linked assembly of many photovoltaic cells is what makes up a solar panel. The power of a solar panel's DC output determines its rating. It comprises of a 40 watt, 8 A, 21.6 V, crystalline silicon cell. It is 500 mm x 700 mm in dimension.  The size of a panel allows one to assess its effectiveness. Solar panels employ the photovoltaic effect to produce electricity using solar energy in the form of light. The desired output voltage is then achieved by connecting electrical components in series. The photovoltaic principle, which underlies how solar cells function, is one of the most alluring non-conventional energy sources with a track record of dependability at all power levels, from micro to megawatt.

Through the photovoltaic effect, photovoltaic modules harness the light energy (photons) from the Sun to produce electricity. 

Wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells are used in the majority of modules. The top layer or the rear layer of a module may serve as the structural (load-bearing) element. Additionally, cells need to be shielded from moisture and mechanical harm. The majority of modules are stiff, but there are also others that are semi-flexible and based on thin-film cells..

Electrically, each cell has to be linked to the next in a series. To make it simple for weatherproof connections to the rest of the system, the majority of photovoltaic modules employ MC4 connectors on the outside.  Electrical connections between modules are done either in parallel or in series depending on the output voltage or current capability that is wanted.  Silver, copper, or other nonmagnetic conductive transition metals may be present in the conducting wires that remove the current from the modules. In cases of partial module shading, bypass diodes may be added or employed externally to increase the output of the lighted module parts.

Concentrators, in which light is focussed by lenses or mirrors onto smaller cells, are among the unique solar PV modules. This makes it possible to employ cells with high cost per unit area (like gallium arsenide) in an economical manner. In order to properly support the panel structure, solar panels also need metal frames made up of racking elements, brackets, reflector shapes, and troughs.

2. Battery

A battery that is powered by electricity is made up of one or more electrochemical cells that have external connections for powering electrical equipment. Anode and cathode are the battery's positive and negative terminals, respectively. The terminal labelled "negative" is the source of the electrons that will flow and send energy to an external device when linked to an external circuit.

3. Centrifugal Pump

There are two different types of pumps on the market: centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. We choose a centrifugal pump since it has a higher discharge rate than a reciprocating one.

4. Converter Circuit

The direct current (dc) generated by the solar panel is transformed into alternating current (ac) via a circuit known as a convertor circuit, which may then be utilised to power the water pump. In order to convert the battery's output into ac current before it is utilised, the converter circuit is installed after the battery. 3.3.5 Tank, Water  In essence, a tank is similar to a container into which water is pumped and stored. The (float) switch is used to control the tank.

D. Assembly Project

Conclusion

The proposed approach resolves the government\\\'s and farmers\\\' energy issue. With the implementation of this project, water waste has decreased and water shortage is now avoided. Additionally, this scheme removes farmers\\\' reliance on the grid for irrigation electricity. Additionally, there is less human involvement in irrigation. enabling an easy-to-use irrigation system that promotes output and also lowers poverty and unemployment for struggling farmers who cannot afford and sustain a higher grid supply for production. After carefully examining the data from the solar pump testing and paying great attention to how the diesel and electric pumps performed: Compared to the gasoline and electricity pumps, the solar requires minimal to no maintenance. Compared to electrical and solar pumps, gasoline pumps have the highest efficiency and best performance.. The solar pump has the benefit of being the cleanest, most ecologically friendly, consuming the least amount of energy, and using the least expensive energy source (the sun\\\'s free energy). A solar pump that uses the same amount of energy as a diesel or electric pump will produce greater results. Therefore, farmers and rural regions without connection to the national grid should utilise the solar pump.. A. Advantages 1) Cost effective: When compared to traditional systems, the SPV systems are more cost-effective due to their lifespan and cost to ultimate benefit. The farmer is also spared from having to invest money to draw lines from the grid to his field or fields.The government may save a significant amount of money by not connecting every agricultural area to the national electrical grid. 2) Reliable: In rural locations, the SPV provides a more dependable, constant, and predictable power choice than the conventional power supply.. 3) Free fuel: The SPV system\\\'s energy source, sunlight, is a widely accessible, unbounded, dependable, and cost-free energy source. As a result, the SPV system has no fuel bills.. 4) Low maintenance: They are popular in isolated rural regions since they require little maintenance and no refuelling, keeping operating and maintenance costs relatively low. The vendors provide annual maintenance contracts at substantially discounted rates for maintenance.. 5) Local generation of power: The SPV system uses sunshine as a local resource. Greater energy security and access control are made possible by this. 6) Easy transportation: Due to its modular design, SPV systems are easily extendable to increase capacity and may be carried in sections or components. 7) Energy Conservation : One of the most efficient ways to save energy is undoubtedly solar energy, which also offers a way to decentralise PV generation in rural regions. Solar pumps use little energy, and a decentralised system prevents the needless use of T&D networks. Water conservation: When used in conjunction with water-saving strategies like drip irrigation and nighttime distribution of (daytime pumped and stored) water, SPV sets are very cost-effective. The SPV system enables the best possible use of the limited groundwater supply. 8) Environmental friendly :The use of sunlight as a fuel source results in clean, environmentally friendly, and decentralised energy generation, which reduces the need for fossil fuels, slows down deforestation, and avoids environmental damage. B. Applications For agricultural applications, it is employed. It is utilised in both homes and enterprises.

References

[1] Izmailov A.Yu., Lobachevsky Ya.P., Shepovalova O.V. Complex energy supply systems for individual sites Energy Procedia, 157 (2019), pp. 1445-1455, 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.309 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar [2] Izmailov A.Yu., Lobachevsky Ya.P., Shepovalova O.V. Comparison and selection of off-grid PV systems AIP Conf Proc, 1968 (2018) (2018), Article 030001, 10.1063/1.5039188 View article View in ScopusGoogle Scholar [3] Lidorenko N.S., Nabiullin F.Kh., Tarnizhevsky B.V. Experimental solar power plant [for powering electric pump] Geliotekhnika, 3 (1965) Google Scholar [4] Tarnizhevsky B.V., Rodichev B.Ya. Test results for solar energy installations with photoelectric converters [for powering electric pump] Geliotekhnika, 2 (1966) Google Scholar [5] Tarnizhevsky B.V., Rodichev B.Ya. Characteristics of water lifting system powered from solar energy plants Geliotekhnika, 3 (1968) Google Scholar [6] Belenov A.T., Tarnizhevsky B.V. Selecting optimal diagrams for solar generator connection to electric drives Geliotechnika, 3 (1969), pp. 6-11 Google Scholar [7] Akker J., Ju Lipp. The power of human unity: Renewable energy in Auroville Lipp, Ju REFOCUS (2004), p. 28, 10.1016/S1471-0846(04)00139-8 View article Google Scholar [8] A.T. Belenov, Some characteristics of electric drives of solar water pump unit. In: Abstracts of scientific-methodical conf. on problem ‘Designing of systems of electric drives for agricultural machinery, Zernograd, 1967, pp. 114–5. Google Scholar [9] Belenov A.T., Voronetsky B.B. Mechanical characteristics of DC motors powered from solar photovoltaic generator Electrotechnics, 8 (1968) Google Scholar [10] Belenov A.T., Voronetsky B.B. Mechanical characteristics of electric motors for agricultural drives powered from photovoltaic generator of comparable capacity Automated electric drives in national economy. proc. all-union conf. on automated electric drives, vol. 4, Energiya Publ., Moscow (1971), pp. 173-175 Google Scholar [11] Belenov A.T., Shepovalova O.V. Investigation of DC motors mechanical characteristics with powered by comparable capacity PV array Energy Procedia, 119 (2017), pp. 990-994, 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.132 View PDF This article is free to access. Google Scholar [12] Chilikin M.G., Sandler A.S. Geberal course of electric drive Energoizdat Publ, Moscow (1981) Google Scholar [13] Lidorenko N.S., Nabiullin F.Kh., et al. Design of solar power units with photovoltaic converters Geliotekhnika, 2 (1966) Google Scholar [14] Appelbaum J., Bany J. Performance analysis of DC motor photovoltaic converter system – I. Separately excited motor Sol Energy, 22 (5) (1979), pp. 439-445 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar [15] Appelbaum J., Bany J. Performance analysis of d.c. motor photovoltaic converter system – II. Series and shunt excited motor Sol Energy, 27 (5) (1981), pp. 421-431 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar [16] Roger J.A. Theory of the direct coupling between d.c. motors and photovoltaic solar arrays Sol Energy, 23 (3) (1979), pp. 193-198 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar [17] Singh S.N., Wahi A.R. Analytical model of powered separate excited d.c. motor J Inst Eng (India) Elec Eng Div, 62 (1) (1981), pp. 17-21 View in ScopusGoogle Scholar [18] Hsiao Y.R., Blevins B.A. Direct coupling of photovoltaic power source to water pumping system Sol Energy, 32 (4) (1984), p. 489 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar [19] A. Abete, E. Barbisio, R. Tommasini, A graphic-analytical method to study the direct coupling photovoltaic generators – DC motors. In: 10-th E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf. 8-12 April 1991, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 1037–41. Google Scholar [20] Roger J.A., Pivot J., Gucher P. Optimization of the p.V. Array-load energy transfer by means of an electronic adaptator Revue de Phys Appl, 15 (1980), pp. 603-607 View article CrossRefGoogle Scholar [21] Belenov A.T., Tarnizhevsky B.V. Optimization of electric energy generation modes in stand-alone system comprising photovoltaic generator and DC motor Collection of reports of all-union conf. on application of solar energy (yerevan), section 2., VNIIT Publ., Moscow (1969), pp. 151-166 Google Scholar [22] Belenov A.T., Metlov G.N. Solar photoelectric water-pump systems (second ed.), VIESH, Moscow (2014) Google Scholar [23] Belenov A.T., Aliev R.K. Some ways to improve energy production by photovoltaic array in installations of agricultural application Geliotekhnika, 6 (1987) Google Scholar [24] Belenov A.T., Shkatov I.V. Effect of switching circuits of photoelectric batteries on performance of water pumping system NTB on electrification in agriculture, Vol. 2, No. 65, VIESH, Moscow (1989) Google Scholar [25] Matam M., Barry V.R., Govind A.R. Optimized re configurable PV array based PV water-pumping system Sol Energy, 170 (2018), pp. 1063-1073, 10.1016/j.solener.2018.05.046 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar [26] Askarov S.M., Grigoriev V.A., Irodionov A.E., et al. Device for powering loads with DC current. certificate of authorship USSR no. SU 1124854 (1983) Google Scholar [27] R.M. Turfler, T.G. Zanbarski, C.B. Rogers, Technique for aggregating cells in series and parallel. In: Proc. of the 14?? IEEE photovolt. spec. conference, vol. 4,1980, pp. 518–22. Google Scholar [28] Grigoyan R.C. Rational use of solar photoelectric conversion unit for power supply of several consumers Report selection of all-union conference on application of solar energy (Yerevan), VNIIT Publ., Moscow (1969), pp. 167-182 Google Scholar [29] Lidorenko N.S. Current state of research in direct conversion of solar energy into electricity Geliotekhnika, 6 (1969) Google Scholar [30] Gasque M., Gonzalez-Altozano P., García-Marí E. Optimization of the distribution of power from a PV generation between two pumps working in parallel Sol Energy, 198 (2020), pp. 324-334, 10.1016/j.solener.2020.01.013 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar [31] Sharma U., Singh B., Jain C. Vienna converter fed two stage grid connected photovoltaic pumping system Proc. of the 2017 7th international conference on power systems (ICPS), Pune (2017), pp. 236-241, 10.1109/ICPES.2017.8387299 View article View in ScopusGoogle Scholar [32] Mohamed El Mamy Mohamed Mahmoud, Moubarrack J.Y., Ehssein S., Yahya A.M., Mahmoud A.K., Youm I. Performance optimization and modelization of a photovoltaic pumping system Am J Energy Eng, 7 (1) (2019), pp. 1-7, 10.11648/j.ajee.20190701.11 View article Google Scholar [33] Talbi B., Krim F., Rekioua T., Mekhilef S., Laib A., Belaout A. A high-performance control scheme for photovoltaic pumping system under sudden irradiance and load changes Sol Energy, 159 (2018), pp. 353-368, 10.1016/j.solener.2017.11.009 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar [34] Ksentini A., Azzag B., Bensalem A. Sizing and optimisation of a photovoltaic pumping system Int J Energy Technol Policy, 15 (1) (2019), pp. 71-85, 10.1504/IJETP.2019.096619 View article View in ScopusGoogle Scholar [35] Xie L., Deng W. Research on water output optimization of photovoltaic pumping system Energy Convers Manage, 47 (11–12) (2006), pp. 1449-1463 Google Scholar [36] Cbergui M.I., Benaissa M.O. Strategy photovoltaic pumping system in scattered area Proc. of the 4th international conference on renewable energy research and applications, Palermo, Italy (2015), pp. 283-286 Google Scholar [37] Belenov A.T. Method of improvement of performance of photovoltaic water pumping unit Geliotekhnika, 1 (2000) Google Scholar [38] Shermazanyan Y.T., Tarnizhevsky B.V., Belenov A.T., et al. Power sensor of a solar power plant. author’s certificate of the USSR no. SU 259259 (1970) Google Scholar [39] Belenov A.T., Gusarov V.A., Shepovalova O.V. Device for improvement of effectiveness of electric energy use in DC electric drives. patent RF no. RU 2673460 (2018) Google Scholar [40] Zinger Z., Braunstein A. Optimum operation of a combined system of a solar cell array and DC motor IEEE Trans Power App Syst, 100 (3) (1981), pp. 1193-1197 View in ScopusGoogle Scholar [41] M. Aidan, Y. Hamam, J.P. Poirier, F. Rocaries, Optimal coupling of photovoltaic solar panels to compression cold room. In: Proc. of the 6?? miami int. conference alternative energy source. conf. pap, 1983, pp. 10–3. Google Scholar [42] Rahrah K., Rekioua D., Rekioua T., Seddik B. PV Pumping system in bejaia climate with battery storage Int J Hidrogen Energy, 4 (2015), pp. 1-11, 10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2015.04.048 View article Google Scholar [43] Khatib M.F., Shaaban S., Sebah M.I.A. A proposed advanced maximum power point tracking control for a PV-solar pump system Sol Energy, 158 (2017), pp. 321-331, 10.1016/j.solener.2017.09.051 View article Google Scholar [44] Khazane J., Tissir H. Achievement of MPPT by finite time convergence sliding mode control for PV pumping system Sol Energy, 166 (2018), pp. 13-20, 10.1016/j.solener.2018.03.026 View article Google Scholar [45] C.O. Ehssein, A. Ba, N.O. Dah, M.I. Lam, D. Amadou, A.E. Hassan, Monitoring a maximum power point tracking photovoltaic pumping system, In: Proceedings of the 9?? international renewable energy congress (IREC), Hammamet, 2018. Google Scholar [46] R. Idrissi, A. Abbou, M. Mohcine, M. Salimi, A comparative study of MPPT controllers for photovoltaic pumping system. In: Proceedings of the 9?? international renewable energy congress (IREC), Hammamet, 018). Google Scholar [47] Yahyaoui I., Nafaa J., Charfi S., Chaabene M., Tadeo F. MPPT techniques for a photovoltaic pumping system Proceedings of the irec2015 the sixth international renewable energy congress, Sousse (2015), 10.1109/IREC.2015.7110905 View article Google Scholar [48] Das M., Mandal R. A comparative performance analysis of direct, with battery, supercapacitor and battery- supercapacitor enabled PV water pumping system using centrifugal pump Sol Energy, 171 (2018), pp. 302-309, 10.1016/j.solener.2018.06.06 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar [49] Bazarov B.A., Shaymerdangulyev G., Strebkov D.S. Studies of photovoltaic water pumping complex Ashkhabad. Publ. of Acad. of Sci, Turkmen SSR (1977), pp. 323-327 Google Scholar [50] UNDP Project GLO/80/003 Main report: small-scale solar-powered pumping system: the technology, its economics and advancement. - London, Swindon and Reading, UK (1983) Google Scholar [51] McNelis B. Photovoltaic water pumping Presentations of the photovoltaics: Investing in development conf. 1987, New Orleans Louis, SEIA, Arlington, VA (1987) Google Scholar [52] Odeh I., Mahmoud M. Field results of photovoltaic water pumping systems Geliotekhnika, 1–3 (1995), pp. 231-240 Google Scholar [53] J.F. Schaefer, Photovoltaic well pumping in New Mexico, in Proceedings of the 21?? intersoc. conwers. eng. conf. San Diego, Calif., vol. 2 , 1986, pp. 1269–74. Google Scholar [54] PDA Center Sandia National Laboratories Water pumping: The solar alternative Presentations of the photovoltaics: Investing in development conf. May 1987, New Orleans Louis, SEIA, Arlington, VA (1987) ?-75-?-85 Google Scholar [55] RSI Renewable solar inverter – three-phase pumps (2020) https://www.grundfos.com/products/find-product/rsi.html [Accessed 25 June 2020] Google Scholar [56] Maranhão G.N.A., Brito A.U., Pinho J.T., Fonseca J.K.S., Leal A.M., Macêdo W.N. Experimental results of a fuzzy controlled variable-speed drive for photovoltaic pumping systems: A review IEEE Sens J, 16 (9) (2016), pp. 2854-2864, 10.1109/JSEN.2016.2524530 View article View in ScopusGoogle Scholar [57] Metlov G.N. Photovoltaic water-pumping plants Water Supply Sanit Tech, 7 (1986) Google Scholar [58] Shepovalova O.V. Planar high-voltage photoelectric module. Patent RF No. RU 2686449 (2018) Google Scholar [59] Arbuzov Yu. D., Evdokimov V.M., Shepovalova O.V. Angle-depended photocurrent characteristics of upper-limit efficient cascade PV cells on the base of homogeneous semiconductor Energy Procedia, 119 (2017), pp. 980-989, 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.131 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar [60] Shepovalova O.V. Fabrication process study for matrix silicon solar cells AIP Conf Proc, 1814 (2017) (2017), Article 020077, 10.1063/1.4976296 View article View in ScopusGoogle Scholar [61] Belenov A.T., Eresko A.B. Solar photovoltaic water pumping unit SVU-6-10 Geliotekhnika, 3 (2002) Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Mr. P. Berlin Push, Mr. N. Shalom. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.