Ultra-High Birefringence Property and Low Confinement Loss of Circular Photonic Crystal Fiber for Telecommunication Application

Abstract

A redesigned PCF structure with minimal confinement loss and high birefringence is proposed in this research paper. It employs a circular lattice arrangement with one ring of identical air holes. High birefringence and low confinement loss are two of the properties that have been numerically studied using the finite element method with circular perfectly matched layer boundary conditions. By adjusting the hole size and spacing, it is possible to achieve both properties simultaneously. At an excitation wavelength of 1550 nm, a numerically obtained modal birefringence of 2.3179×10-2 is observed. Simultaneously, by methodically evaluating the cladding rings, the center-to-center distance between the air holes, and the number of cladding rings with equal diameters, a minimal confinement loss (<10-1) may be achieved. Additionally, the suggested PCF verifies that it is feasible to acquire. Our extremely birefringent fiber can be controllably created thanks to the development of birefringence with structural modifications. The suggested structure has better optical characteristics, making it a potential contender for sensing and broadband dispersion correction.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

In terms of geometric parameters like hole-to-hole distance/spacing [1,2,3], pitch, air hole radius/diameter, and air filling fraction, photonic crystal fibers (PCFs), hole-fibers (HFs), and microstructure optical fibers (HFs) display a spectrum of unique optical properties that cannot be achieved with traditional optical fibers (COFs) technology. PCFs provide more leeway in adjusting birefringence, confinement loss [4], and dispersion [5,6] for any combination of air channels in the vicinity, all without doping the silica core [7].

Optical fibers made on a silica-air microstructure type are known as PCFs. The reduced refractive index cladding and small air holes in the silica backdrop run the length of the fiber [8]. It is typical for air holes to be positioned in periodic patterns inside the cladding, although they may also be hexagonal, octagonal, circular, or square. The central component might be solid (like a silica core) or hollow (like an air core). Just like traditional optical fibers (COFs), the first core type PCF uses a modified Total Internal Reflection (TIR) mechanism to steer light.

The latter employs a novel pathway called the photonic band gap (PBG) to direct light [9]. So, it's not strictly required for PCFs that the core and cladding be constructed of materials with high refractive indices. Additionally, it is not required that all optical fibers use TIR mechanisms to restrict light to their cores.

By including small air passages into the cladding of PCFs, a greater range of design options is available, allowing for tremendous property customization [10]. One may create guiding qualities tailored to a particular application by adjusting the parameters of the silica-air hole microstructure.

PCFs exhibit a wide range of peculiar and unfathomable characteristics, such as permanently operating in a single mode [11], very high or low nonlinearities [12], extremely high or low birefringence [13], extremely flattening and extremely low chromatic dispersion [14], and many more. Due to their better and readily modifiable optical qualities, PCFs may quickly surpass traditional optical fibers in several technical and scientific domains.

II. BACKGROUND AND METHODS OF PCF

A. PCF

An important step forward in optical technology is the development of photonic crystal fibers, also known as holey fibers (HFs). These fibers have a cladding that resembles a two-dimensional (open periodic) array of densely packed glass capillaries, which is drawn at a high temperature. Much research on the extraordinary characteristics of holey fibers has been going on since the first publications detailing their production in 1996 [1]. As the range of possible uses for these fibers continues to develop, more and more academic institutions are beginning to use holey fibers in their investigations. Such fibers are of great interest in the context of numerous optical fiber problems [2–13], nonlinearities properties [14–19], atomic optics [14,20,21], the physics of photonic crystals and quantum electrodynamics [20–24], biomedical optics [26], data transmission [18], super-sensitive gas sensors, microwave sensors, and other practical application areas. The optical fibers that are often used to transmit messages via light are usually constructed from two glasses. A cylindrical core made of solid glass with a higher refractive index runs along the center of the fiber, making it a waveguide. In order to provide a uniform covering for the core, another solid glass with a lower refractive index is used [5]. Silica (SiOz) is a common substance that both glasses are formed of. For silica glass to have a higher or lower refractive index, the element germanium or fluorine is often doped into the material [6]. By creating an index difference between the core and cladding, light may be guided down the fiber's length using total internal reflection (TIR) [7]. This helps to confine the light within the core. Conventional optical fiber describes this kind of fiber. While its current state of the art indicates extensive use in telecom and non-telecom applications, there are certain things that it just cannot perform. For such common fibers, the characteristics of the glass used in their production are the limiting factor [8]. Because silica glass has rigid characteristics, regular fibers aren't going to cut it for certain new uses. Photonic crystal fibers, also known as holey optical fibers (HOFs) or microstructure optical fibers (MOFs), were invented as a possible solution to the problems caused by traditional fibers and are now a staple in fiber-optics technology [9].

B. Evolution of PCF

After the first holey optical fiber was shown in 1996 by Knight et al. [17], the area of PCF research got underway. Holey fibers with periodic air-holes organized in a hexagonal lattice have been practically realized by them [18]. The researchers' first goal was to find a way to guide light using the PBG principle, but they ended up finding that the new holey fiber is more like regular fibers in that it uses a modified TIR mechanism, much like the old ones [9]. It wasn't long before they noticed the new fiber's durability and light-guiding efficiency. Coupled light is also simple to achieve. When comparing the traditional fibers with the PCFs, we found that they differed significantly in both design space and optical characteristics. Figure 2 shows how the PCF research area has grown rapidly in recent years [35]. Since only the most prominent journals are taken into account, the real quantity of papers is more than what is shown in the chart.

Thus, index guiding PCF research is ongoing; however, hollow core fibers were not yet feasible owing to the difficulty in creating enough big air holes in the fiber core to meet the dimensions necessary for PBG guidance. A breakthrough in numerical computation—the development of fully vectorially numerical methods—led to the 1978 demonstration of the Bragg fiber[41]. Research on PCF has made significant strides since its discovery in 1978, as shown in Table I [36].

TABLE I
Important milestones in the evolution of HFs

In the time after, it underwent extensive study by academics and industry professionals alike, and it is today a prominent area of electro-optical research [9, 20].

C. Inclination

One of the most significant developments in the history of fiber was the creation of the PCF [9]. It has ushered in an era of boundless opportunity and possibility. Many industrial and scientific applications in linear and nonlinear regimes rely on its exceptional optical features, which include a larger design space, flexibility, and superiority [9, 35]. According to predictions, PCFs and our investigation of their light-control possibilities hold the key to optics's bright future. In the medical field, for instance, new-wavelength lasers or broadband light sources are needed for diagnosis; in the telecommunications industry, more adaptable amplifiers and inexpensive, easy-to-install fibers are sought after; and in the sensor business, sensitive gas detector systems for both on-site and off-site monitoring are sought after. PCFs, with their hollow or solid cores, may function as optical components in all of these new industries [36]. These fibers are ideal for delivering high-power beams for laser cutting and welding since they may display much greater damage thresholds compared to traditional fibers. They have the potential to greatly improve environmental sensing by facilitating a number of nonlinear optical processes. Nevertheless, for a number of new uses, including power supply with ultra-short pulses and pulse compression, design and refinement of additional features are necessary. These features should ideally have enhanced bandwidth, near-zero flat chromatic dispersion, and nonlinear response control [9, 35, 36].

Great technical hurdles persist in doing these vital jobs. The next parts will provide a quick overview of some of these challenges, while the following chapters will go into more depth on them. Taking into account the aforementioned technical challenges and the boundless potential of this emerging area, I have chosen to contribute to the continuing endeavours of developing smart PCFs for a range of technological uses.

D. Applications Based on Dispersion Managed

Even though PCFs provide a lot of leeway in terms of design, designers still have a tough time creating nearly-zero dispersion-flat PCFs (NZDF PCFs), which are necessary for practically all applications [16, 21]. The reason is, that in addition to dispersion-flat features, minimal confinement loss is needed for the majority of dispersion-managed applications [21]. To obtain a dispersion-flat curve and low confinement losses at the same time, designers employ either PCFs with non-uniform cladding [23] or PCFs with multiple rings of air-holes [12] to decrease confinement losses. In addition to being inappropriate for managing wideband dispersion [23], the previous design method significantly increases the holey cladding area and makes manufacturing more difficult [24]. The second method reportedly poses a significant manufacturing challenge due to non-uniform cladding, despite its widespread usage. Increasing the number of design factors has a multiplicative effect on fabrication and tolerance when the cladding is not uniform, as is the case with air-hole modulation. Novel design strategies are necessary to solve these obstacles, which still remain today.

E. Non-linear Applications of PCFs

In the field of nonlinear optics, highly nonlinear PCFs (HNL-PCFs) have found many uses, including optical parametric amplification, wavelength converters, super continuum production, and soliton creation [25, 26]. Choosing an appropriate zero-dispersion wavelength around the telecom window is the most difficult part of designing highly nonlinear PCFs. This is because, on one hand, a PCF with a small pitch and uniformly small air holes will cause the zero-dispersion wavelength to move towards shorter wavelengths [26]; on the other hand, a PCF with a large air hole relative to its pitch will limit the bandwidth available for single mode operation [27]. For this reason, maximizing the air-hole diameter while simultaneously retaining architectural simplicity is of the utmost importance. As the pitch value of HNL-PCFs decreases, controlling confinement loss and being sensitive to changes in the parameters become significant challenges. A greater sensitivity to changes in parameters and a greater confinement loss are outcomes of a narrower pitch [28]. Up until this point, the same difficulty has persisted and requires effective resolution.

F. Applications as Sensor

Sensor applications are well-suited to highly birefringent PCFs, or HB-PCFs. It is necessary to impart pressures to the cladding or to disrupt the symmetry of the fiber axis in order to design extremely birefringent PCFs [29]. Problems with manufacturing and other issues with designing for low confinement losses and almost nil dispersion are brought on by such modifications to PCF claddings. This is because, according to the literature, birefringent fibers should exhibit almost negligible dispersion at the desired wavelength [30]. Because of the need of careful design, this is also a continuous problem.

G. Telecom Application

Optical device applications were the only ones first thought of while PCF technology was being studied, rather than data transmission medium. This occurred because these fibers had very large optical losses [31]. The optical losses have been brought down to 0.28 dB/km recently by using precise and high-tech methods of design and manufacture [32]. As a result, there is a rising tide of enthusiasm for reconsidering PCFs as a medium for reconfigurable data transmission in the future [33]. For these kinds of tasks, PCFs with a big mode area work well. Even if there are papers that deal with this matter, there are additional problems associated with the design of large mode area PCFs (LMA-PCFs).

III. PROPERTIES AND LOSS CALCULATION OF PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER (PCF)

Achieving excellent properties in birefringence [61-69], dispersion [70-78], single polarization single mode [79-80], nonlinearity [81], and effective mode area [83-85], photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) [52-60] have been widely used in applications such as fiber sensors [86,87], fiber lasers [88,89], and nonlinear optics [42-45] for some time now. Ultrahigh birefringence and distinctive chromatic dispersion are two optical features of PCFs that have been the subject of several research articles; they are almost difficult for standard optical fibers to achieve. Optical fiber communications, filters, sensors, lasers, and more may all benefit from optical fibers having a high birefringence.

V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This research can be extended to design PCF using circular cladding for octagonal and decagonal design and artificially defected core PCFs as they offer a wide wavelength range of single-mode operation, controllable effective modal area tailorable dispersion, high birefringence and controllable nonlinearity.

Conclusion

To summarize, a polarization-maintaining fiber and telecommunication band PCF with a circular form that has been intentionally adjusted to assure strong birefringence and low confinement loss has been presented. The numerical findings show that the suggested design has a strong birefringence of 2.3179×10-2 and a low confinement loss of roughly less than 10-1 (dB/km), making it a promising choice for use in the telecommunication window design\'s fiber optic communication connection. As a result of their wide wavelength range of single-mode operation, controllable effective modal area, tailorable dispersion, high birefringence, and controllable nonlinearity, this study can be expanded to design PCFs with circular cladding for octagonal and decagonal designs, as well as with artificially defected core PCFs. The suggested structure is difficult to fabricate due to the usage of several kinds of air holes, including elliptical air, in this thesis. Therefore, finding the best fabrication for sensing and broadband dispersion correction will be the next step. once again, the fiber\'s splice loss and bending loss, which are essential for certain applications, are not taken into account in this study. Thus, more research is necessary to quantify the splice loss and bending loss and find a way to compensate for these. once again, despite significant efforts to improve birefringence, the confinement loss remains rather high. the confinement loss should be minimized to the greatest extent feasible.

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