The Use of Permeable Concrete for Making of Pavement Blocks

Abstract

Urbanization has replaced previous vegetative lands with impervious surfaces such as pavement, which reduces the area where infiltration to groundwater can occur, thus increasing surface runoff into streams or accumulation of stormwater that can lead to flooding. Stormwater must be drained from the roadway to protect pavement and travellers from water-related damage. The use of permeable pavement allows stormwater to move through the pavement layers (away from the road surface), where it can either infiltrate the soil and groundwater or drain to the road shoulder, where it is collected for treatment as needed. There is limited evidence, however, regarding any traffic safety issues associated with stormwater and the type of permeable pavement suitable for various traffic requirements.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

In recent years stormwater management has become a fellow feeling for urban development. Most inexperienced fields are converted into pavements and buildings, reducing the groundwater and increasing the surface runoff. Its flow into natural bodies inflicting permeable pavement is parking, sidewalks, lawn tennis court, and low-volume paver primarily used in urbanized areas. They also have many environmental benefits, including reducing runoff, increasing water quality and improving drainage. Appropriately designed interlocking concrete block pavers may reduce the amount of pollutants reaching receiving waters by allowing water to infiltrate into the subsurface layers. Permeable pavement allows stormwater to quickly infiltrate the surface layer to enter a high-void aggregate base layer.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

Permeable pavement is a paving alternative to traditional hardscape flooring materials, where water can filter through the surface to the underlying soils. Traditional pavers do not allow much water to infiltrate, especially if they are mortared in place.

Permeable concrete has zero slump, water and open-graded materials consisting of cement coarse aggregates admixtures. Permeable pavement has little or no fine aggregates like sands, sometimes called "no-fines" concrete. They reduce the need for expensive retention ponds; developers and other private companies also use it to free up valuable real estate for development while providing a paved park.

III. RELATED WORK

A. To Study Waterlogging on the Pavement

When rainwater cannot percolate through the pavement, water logging takes place. It is essential to increase the drainage capacity of pavement. For this permeability of regular concrete should be increased. In this project, we are working on designing such concrete blocks.

B. To Study Mix Design of Concrete

The mix is weighted and mixed separately without water in a concrete mixer or by hand using a concrete hand mixture until the dry mix is uniformly mixed (for mix proportion, see table.) Next, water was weighed and added to the dry mix. (for the amount of water, see table.)

The trail mix was mixed until the required cement slurry was not found. Finally, it was carried out, poured into a separate Mould, and left for 7 days to become hardened concrete. Now the desired Sample is ready for further testing.

 IV.  PROPOSED FRAMEWORK

Methodology for Studying Waterlogging and Identifying Best Methods for Making Concrete Permeable:

1. Literature Review: The first step in the methodology would be to conduct a thorough literature review of existing research and studies on waterlogging on pavements. Studies involve reviewing academic journals, reports, and government publications. This review aims to identify the causes of waterlogging and the existing methods for mitigating the problem.
2. Data Collection: The second step would be to collect data for designing a permeable concrete block. This includes the study of the mix design to be used, admixtures which can be used to strengthen the concrete, etc.
3. Analysis of Data: The third step would involve analyzing the data collected from various resources and tests. This step involves studying various techniques used in making permeable paving blocks.
4. Identification of Methods for Designing Permeable Concrete: The fourth step would involve researching and identifying methods for designing permeable paving blocks. This could include material composition, mix design, admixtures used, etc. This research aims to identify effective and sustainable methods that can be implemented to make concrete permeable.
5. Evaluation of Methods: The fifth step would involve evaluating the different methods for making permeable concrete blocks identified in step 4. This evaluation would consider factors such as cost-effectiveness and ease of implementation. This evaluation aims to identify the most effective and appropriate approach for permeable concrete.

V. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

A. Modified Method of Design

The strength is mainly influenced by the water-cement ratio. A low water-cement ratio is necessary to obtain good strength, affecting the mix's workability. Conventional concrete mix proportions and materials cannot be used as we work on permeable concrete. Hence, to make concrete permeable, we prohibited using sand; instead, we used small or medium-sized coarse aggregate. Only coarse aggregate is used to increase the void ratio of the concrete so that water can pass through it. The design mix we preferred for our project is M20, but the only change is we used coarse aggregate only. According to IS 12727 Cl.11.5 other strength, the minimum tensile strength of the porous paver block is 0.12fc, flexural strength is 0.23 fc, cylinder strength is 0.61fc, and bond strength is 0.19fc.

B. Design Process

The design process for the permeable concrete is as follows,

Grade of concrete : M15

Size of aggregate :20mm

Workability                        :75mm

Type of exposure :severe

C. Test Data/Material

Cement                                               : Ordinary Portland Cement (53grade)

Specific gravity of cement               : 3.15

Specific gravity of aggregate           : 2.74

Specific gravity of fine aggregate   : 2.65

VII. FUTURE SCOPE

The permeable pavement application has been limited to specific applications, like parking lots and low-volume roads. Future research may prefer new and innovative applications like village roads and airport runways. Permeable pavements are mainly low strength, but by increasing their strength and improving their properties, they are often used for heavy traffic roads, including urban roads, Highway Shoulders, etc.

Generally, in densely urban areas, less land space exists. So that roads are not properly arranged, and surface drainage facilities are not provided properly. So in rainy seasons, the issue of water clogging arises. So For these areas, permeable pavement can become the best option. We can see that jogging tracks or walkways are generally constructed of compacted soils in parks or gardens. But in rainy seasons, these roads become muddy, which cannot be used for our intended purpose. This causes various problems for pedestrians. So for this sort of situation, permeable pavements are often proven advantageous.

References

[1] Jeetyadu (2016) “permeable pavement and its applicati on-A case study” [2] M.Admute AV Gandhi, S.S. Adusl, A. A. Agarkar, G. SBhor and G.PKolte(April 2017)”Permeable pavement”: New [3] IS12727, 1989, No fines cement concrete. [4] IS 456, 2000, Plain and reinforced concrete. [5] IS10262, 2019, A comprehensive code for standard and high performance concrete mix design. [6] James, W. and Thompson, M.K. 1996. Contaminants from four new pervious and impervious pavements in a parking lot. Ch. 11 in: Advances in Modeling the Management of Stormwater Impacts, Vol. 5. Pub by CHI, Guelph (R195). ISBN 0-9697422-7-4. pp 207-222. [7] Diniz, E.v. 1980. Porous Pavement: Phase 1-Design and Operational Criteria. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Grant Number R806338. [8] Concrete Paver Institute. 1991. Case Study: Interlocking Concrete Pavements at Dallas Fort Worth International Airport. National Concrete Masonry Association [9] Cao, S.L. and D.G. Zollinger. 1996. Drainage Design Guideline for Permeable Pavement. Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas [10] Balades, J~D., M. Legret and H. Madiec. 1995. Permeable Pavements: Pollution Management Tools. Water Science and Technology. 32(1), pp 49-56

Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Amrut Patil, Harshad Bhosale, Omkar Patil, Vaibhav Lokare, Rohit Dipak. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.