Utilization of Conventional and Non-Conventional Energy Sources

Abstract

A teenager and environmental - social worker of Sweden GRETA THUNBERG presented her views on the transformation of hydro energy in August 2018 at the UNITED NATION ORGANISATION which shocked everyone wherein she made the school declare holidays to the students in Sweden and enlightened them for the preservation of the environment and expressed that if the quantum of carbon dioxide is not reduced in the world then the world will have to face serious consequences. In this paper, the author has included essential data on specific conditions due to environmental events. The work has been taken around many kinds of research made about ecological studies.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

In the today’s world, human beings are living mechanical life. All the humans are  going towards  achievement of  success  in  a  short way  and  if  this is not achieved  , he  will  face  depression .

With  the  development  of  science and technology , his  desire  for  obtaining  physical  happiness  grew at the peak point and as a result  went  for  using  the  petroleum  products  without any limits  . As  a  result  of  large  industrial  production, the  emission of  carbon dioxide  in  the  environment  grew at large  and as a result  of  which  the  layers  of  the  earth  heated up . Icebergs started melting. The surface of the sea starting rising.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

National Aeronautics and Space Administration – NASA  has  given a warning that  the  north pole and south pole  of the  earth  are  reducing  by  about  9%  every ten  years. If this continues then there will be a great threat to the earth. 

Nagendra  Vijay (2019)[1] had  stated  that  the  scientist of  the  earth  believes  that  there are about  400 millions  of  trees in  the  world.  About  650  millions  of  metric  tons  of  carbon is  been  absorbed  by  these  trees  as a result  of  Photosynthesis . The largest prison of carbon dioxide in the world is the Rainforest of Amazon.  However , its  positive  side is  that  it  produces  about  20%  of  oxygen  of  the  world . Due  to  fire  in  the  jungle  about  millions  of  trees  get  burnt out and as a result of this the  forest  is not about  to  absorb  carbon dioxide of the  world  and  also  not able to  emit  oxygen in the environment .

The  world  is  celebrating  the  150th  birthday  of  Mahatma  Gandhi  and  his  thoughts  says  that (2019)[2] ,  “ this  earth  has  ample  of  resources  which  can  satisfy  the  needs  of  every  living” . However  it does not  have  ample of  resources  to satisfy  the  greed of  certain  people .My  aim  in  not  to  eradicate  the  use  of  machines , but  to  restrict it usage.   My  objection is  not  against  machines  but  against  it  unlimited  usage.

Whenever there is  any  human  hindrances  in  the  nature’s  balanced  and  self-control  activities , pollution  comes  into  being  As  is  stated  by  Dr. Motibhai patel  (2008)[3] , Humans  for  their  personal  greed, creates  a  negative  effect  on  the   nature  environment  and  this  creates  pollution .  This  leads  to  air , water , noise  and  land  pollution .  

The  PHD  study  of  James  Hansan (2014)[4] relates  to  the  environment  of  Mars.  He is  continuously  serving  the  NASA‘s  Guided  institute  relating  to  space research .  Hansan  had  written  to  Holden  , the  chief advisor of  Obama that  for  the  safeguard of  human beings  and  for the maintenance of  the  nature  , we should  control  the  greenhouse  gas  and  we still have  time  to  reduce  and  stop the  negative  effect  of  the  environment  if  we  take  sufficient  steps in this  direction .  Thus  policies  proposed by  science  should  be  put to use  and  further  we  should  make sufficient  efforts  for the use  of   renewal and  non-renewal  energy sources .  Further efforts should   be made for the usage of renewal energy sources. Thus renewal energy sources   are very important. Due to its usage, the questions of pollution can be solved.  Example: - Wind energy, Hydral energy, solar energy, etc. 

The power to work is known as energy. Fuel is used in vehicles. This  fuel  is  burnt in the engines of vehicles  and  from it  power is  formed    running  the  vehicle.

Energy is needed for making the needed food for the living beings. For alternative  sources, Shri Devji S. Dafada (2014)[5] has stated  that  solar energy , air  energy  , hydral energy ,  biogas and  atomic  energy  is  used .  Wood was the main source of power for the ancient man. However, the man of today uses 100 % more energy source than the ancient man. Due to the development of industry during the last 100 years the need for energy source has increased.

The  company  of  Britain  has  created  certain  techniques  for  formation  of  hydral  energy  into  electric  power .  As  per  Dr. Vihari  Chhaya  (2014) ,  in  the  procedure  of  transformation  of   hydral energy  to  electric  energy , there  are  sailing  tubes  which  gets  up and down with  the  waves  and as a result of  its  push  the  machines becomes  active  and  as a result  of  high  pressure  of  the pump  the  turbines  are  runned and  thus  electric  power is  generated.

The   production of coking coal is done   mainly by COAL INDIA LTD. (CIL). As  per  satyapanthi  J J TRIVEDI (2008)[6] the  production is  done  by  TATA  IRON AND  STEEL COMPANY (TISCO)  . TISCO AND IISCO has its quarries for is production. Thus  about  85 % of  the  production  of  coking  coal is  done  by  COAL INDIA  LIMITED  . In  its  report  to  the  energy  ministry  the  energy  policy committee  has  stated  that  there  is  about  only  35 years  stock  of  resources  and  after  the  year  2000 the  conditions  will  become  critical . 

For  a  good  future , we  will  have  to  save  the  environment  or else  climate change will  deteriorate  our  earth .  We will  have  to  save  the  jungles , grow  more  trees  and  maintain  them  , maintain  green  farms  . In order to save water we will have to learn to stop unnecessary usage of water. We will have to maintain  green  farms  in order  to  safeguard that  bad and dangerous  gases  are  kept in control and are not emitted .  Maintain jungles and greenery.

Now time has changed. After  the  climate  change  and  change  in  seasons  , people have  come  to  know  about  the  safety of  their  life .  Due to  increase  in  natural  calamities , floods in the rivers , and  untimely  monsoons and  due  to  landslides  , there has been  a  death of  about  1600 or more people  in  the  year  2019 .  There has been a massive increase in the temperature of the earth. Since  due  to  the  heat  in  the  sea  waves,  more  evaporation  of  water  takes place  and  at some place  there is  heavy  rainfall  and  at  some place  there is  drought.  Cement  concrete  jungles , highways  and  roads   have  taken  the  place  of  green land  . Further  there is  a  increase  in  the  carbon  emission  and  air pollution  in  India  . In order to   reduce air pollution and increase greenery we need to understand this point. For the maintenance  of  jungle  and  trees , we need to grow more trees, increase jungle lands  , save  water  , reduce  dangerous gas  and  carbon emission  and  take  steps  for  environment protection  which will be helpful  to  the  new  generation  from  climate  change .

III.  ROLE OF INDUSTRIES

On  the  basis  of    Capital  investment  , number  of  labors  and  quantum of  production  , industry  is  divided  into  three  parts .

1. Cottage  Industry:  Wherein  the  people  make  goods  and  materials in their house  where  the  capital  investment  is  less. For example: - essence stick, papad, furniture, pickles,etc. Are made in this cottage industry.
2. Small Scale  Industry: Wherein  there is  one  factory having  limited  machines  , more  labors  and  the  capital  investment  is  more than  cottage  industry  and  this  is  called   small scale  industry .  In small scale industry – toys, TV, Fridge, Plastic items are made.
3. Large Scale Industry:  There are many  industries   where , in order to  make  various  items  there are  many  factories  , big  machines , thousands of  labours  and  large  investment of capital and  this  is  called  large scale  industry .  In large scale industry   motors, cement, etc. is made.

In  Gujarat  state  , the  coastal  region  covers  one  thousand  miles and  there are  medium  type of   harbours  and  Porbandar  is  one  of  the  important  of  them . Furthermore , Porbandar  occupies  an  important  place  in  the  Arabian sea  line . The sea export business of Porbandar with East Africa and Europian countries very old.  The merchants  and  citizens  of  the  Porbandar  have  made  Porbandar  famous  in  the  Eastern  Countries. 

From the view point of  geographical area the  Porbandar  of  Arabian sea  is  located  at  21.15 to  21.5 north latitude and  69.55 to  70.25 east  longitude  and  Porbandar  has  got  the  status  of  district  on  2/10/1997 . The number of large and medium industry in porbandar is 12. [7]

The units  registered  in Porbandar  as  per the  Factory act  as on 31/03/03  is  as stated  - 55 in Porbandar  taluka , 22 in  Ranavav  taluka, 12 in  Kutiyana taluka  totalling in all to  89 units in

Porbandar District. Porbandar imports coal, LPG Mixture, combustion, raw Dates, and exports cement, clinker, bauxite, fish, onion, soda ash, white chalk, salt, and dolomite.

A great incident happened in Gujarat.  The Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra  Modi   projected a 600-megawatt solar energy unit in  Patan in Gujarat state.  With this incident about 10 districts in Gujarat started solar energy units which diverted the attention of the world towards Gujarat. The energy department of the government of India launched a two-day national-level energy conference at Kevadiya near sardar patel dam in Gujarat where all the new energy projects implemented all over India were discussed.  The projects discussed and implemented were the implementation of renewable energy source Pradhan mantra kutum yojana, solar rooftops, renewal energy development schemes in border areas, the establishment of ultra-mega renewal energy parks, solar and wind power transmission, thermal energy conservation, etc. were implemented.

IV. SOLAR ENERGY AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE

Till now we used to produce electricity with the help of ancient energy sources and as a result of this, we used to face the problem of electricity shortage more often. In spite of the fact that the Sun use to lighten our Earth with its solar energy, we were not using this solar energy to its utmost effect. However, recent science has given us modern technology through which we were able to transform this solar energy into electricity. If we have a look at our solar energy source, the circumference of our Sun is 14, 40,000 kilometers i.e. 8, 64,000 miles whereas

Compared to this the circumference of our Earth is 13100 kilometers i.e.  7900 miles. Thus from this, we can assume how vast the sun is as compared to our Earth. Further, the Sun is about 15 crore kilometers far from our Earth and gets only a soft touch of heat. Due to high pressure and quantity of heat in the Sun, it continuously transforms the hydrogen gas into helium. Every second 5640 lakh tons of hydrogen gas is transformed into 5600 lakh tons of helium gas.  During this process of transformation about 40 lakh tons of matter gets transformed into energy. Thus per second the Sun loses about 40 lakh tons of its matter and transformed into energy. This secret of the Sun has remained unknown. Thus this power house Sun, per second produces 3086 x 10 raise to 33 energy sources. Thus if this number is written on paper then it will be 386 followed by 31 zeros. If further calculation is made then it will be 517626 followed by zero horsepower of energy per second is been produced by our Sun.  Thus this is our Unlimited Power house - our Sun. Sun emits this quantity of solar energy per second in space wherein 47 % of the solar energy is absorbed by the environment,  land, and sea which is then released in the form of heat. This heat which is wasted can be converted into solar energy and the invention of technology and machines is been continuously carried out by the world.  This includes the letting off of photovoltage cells – PVC on water dams and storages and thus solar energy unit ideas have come into existence.

In the Photo voltage cell method, a small circumference plate is used on which the sun rays are reflected and energy is so formed.

These plates are connected together and a panel is made and is let off at such a place where ample sunlight is emitted and solar energy is collected. This area is termed a “Photo voltage farm”. In order to frame this farm a large amount of land is required. Hence if such energy units are spread out on the water layers then a good use of these water layers can be done. Thus a large amount of the land can be saved for other use and such floating energy units can be formed.

Further, an engineer at the University of Masoori has invented such nanoantennas that will be transformed 90 % of solar energy into electricity. For this, a small thin layer of flexible solar sheet is formed which is called an antenna and formed with the connection of many small antennas.

This antenna collectively catches up the infrared rays of the sun and its other rays and transformed into electric power.

Thus this layer converts 90 % of the rays into electric power.

For transformation of solar energy into electric power, mostly silicon is used as the semi carrier. This silicon is sand. Like other things silicon also contains protons, neutron and electron atoms. If certain more atoms are added in this silicon then negative electricity load increases. This silicon with the negative electricity load is called N-type of silicon. In this manner if certain electron is removed from silicon then such place remains empty and this is called as positive electricity load silicon.  Such silicon with positive electricity load is called P- type of silicon. Thus N type of silicon have more electron and P type of silicon have more space. Now when the silicon plates are made from this silicon, then on the N-type of the layer is kept on the top and the P-type of layer is kept on the bottom. When both layers get together, this part is called Junction.  Thus when the sun rays are reflected on this silicon plate, the photon atoms of the sun rays enter the silicon and dash with the atoms on the upper layer, and as a result, certain atoms get out. Thus on the upper layer, the quantum of electrons increases and the layer down already has space in it.  Electron has negative electricity and space has positive electricity. Thus both layers get attracted to each other. Thus a large amount of the panels having such silicon plates are spread on the land or water. The electron collected in the top layers of the plates flows on the lower layer of the plate via a copper wire kept in the middle and thus each plate works as a power cell. Thus numerous panels made of the plates develop a large amount of solar energy. Nanoantenna is also one sort of modern solar sheet which transformed solar energy into electricity at its maximum.

In Gujarat on the Narmada canal solar panels are spread out and within two months, two lakh units of electricity are so produced and large numbers of such solar energy centers will be so developed.

V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my guide    Mr. Rohit Dixit (Assistant professor, Department of mechanical engineering) as well as our principal Dr.  Kartik Kothari who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful work on the topic of UTILIZATION OF CONVENTIONAL AND NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES.  Special thanks to Mr. Tirath Kargatiya for helping us to find more information regarding to the work.

Conclusion

Conventional sources are widely used now days due to their high performance. But it cost seriously on environment as well as on human life. More and more renewable sources should be promoted by upcoming generations. Educational Institutions and government should make more strict laws and they should encourage people by providing advertisement in newspaper, social media, etc. an advertisement should be given weekly bases or monthly bases.

References

[1] Nagendra Vijay :- Safari Harshal Publication Ahmedabad newsletter no. 305 , October 2019 page no.: 70. [2] Hemantkumar Shah :- Gandhi Bole che : Swati trust Ahmedabad , First edition : 2019 page no.: 30 [3] Dr. Motibhai M. Patel and others :- Education in developing Indian society : B.S.Shah prakashan Ahmedabad , Edition no. 2008 , page 174. [4] James Hansan (2014) :- PHD study of the environment of Mars. Page no. : 30-45 [5] Devji S. Dafada :- Global warming - Serious warning madhyamik shikshan and parikshan august 2018 . Gujarat secondary and higher secondary education board Gandhinagar page 56-57.. [6] Pravin Sagar Satypanthi J.J.Trivedi : Kolso : Gujarat Vishvkosh Khand -5 Mukhya Sapadak Dr.Dhirubhai Thakar Gujarat Visvkosh trust,Ahemdabad.Dwitiya Avruti,Feb.2008 page no : 791 [7] Ghanshyam Mehta : Porbandar pravah ane prtibimb – sat sahitya prakashan trust maharshi dayanand saraswati marg porbandar February 2006 page no. 236 – 248.

Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Dhaval A. Bharda, Rohit Dixit. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.