Study on the Various Properties of Rigid Pavement Concrete Using Different Types of Waste Materials

Abstract

The objective of the study is to determine the physical and chemical properties of waste and the sustainable use of waste. To make the other way cement without disturbing its structures and to increase the efficiency of concrete costs by using different waste. Develop guidelines for waste utilization in paved road construction and new design for concrete mixing.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

The economy of any country depend upon a good infrastructure which covers roads, bridges, buildings, warehouses, airports, harbors, instrumentality terminals etc. In today’s life, a good infrastructure is a major requirement for the growth of a country which seems impossible to attain without using cement. Cement is a powdery substance which is made up of calcining lime and clay. Mainly cement is used as a binding material which is mixed with water, sand and aggregates for the construction purposes (i.e. highways or building). Though, it is an environmental concern because of the emission of several hazardous gases at various stages of cement manufacturing process. In a previous study (Mehraj et al 2014), it was mentioned that consumption of cement in India is increasing with the rate of 10% per year. It is to note that the cement is the second most consumable material after water across the world. The cement industry worldwide produces over four billion tons of cement a year. As a recent report by the Indian Bureau of Mines (2015), cement production in India in various companies ranged from 0.83 to 43.8 million tons per year as shown in table1. Therefore, mass production of cement has become a major concern for researchers around the world as the waste produced (i.e. cement dust) from these cement plants is extremely harmful to the environment and human health as well. Flying ash, steel slag, E-plastic and recycled concrete are just a few examples of recyclable materials that can be recycled and used as a polymer concrete mix that will reduce the use of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and aid in energy efficiency without causing environmental pollution. . Conservation of natural resources other waste should be used to maintain environmental sustainability. However, some guidelines have been provided regarding the use of fly ash in road construction. Therefore, it is necessary to suggest an alternative cement for the construction work where people are attacked by several serious diseases while working on these plants or living near these plants. The Ministry of Environmental and Forests (2016) has announced the release rates for cement plants. Here, one point to note is that stack dust is allowed the emissions limit in India is set at 50 mg / Nm which indicates the seriousness of the situation in the country

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

To obtain specific information about the work done and project waste and aspects related to achieving the purpose of the work, various documents written in the research papers in this article were collected and evaluated. This includes the collection of data and materials for the topic, as well as research papers, journal journals, draft and technical information already available to research organizations and government departments. After analyzing the various research papers, some reviews were made on the basis of personal understanding. Provides reviews on the use of solid waste and nano particles as alternatives to forming a concrete mix. The main purpose of this paper was to discuss all the waste that can be used instead of using cement and mixing to reduce CO2 emissions that cause environmental pollution. Various waste sources were highlighted in research from the agricultural side, the industrial side and much more.

Cuttell et al. (1997) evaluate the performance of a solid paved structure made of recycled concrete. It has been concluded that 25% of the total value can be substituted for the recycled amount by taking into account the minimum energy and performance requirement. The reconstituted portland Cement concrete (PCC) has a low amount of water cement. The RCA has a compressive strength of 40kpa which is sufficient for strong compaction. Other factors such as the strength of the split strength, the modulus of elasticity, the coefficient of thermal expansion and the texture of the volume area indicate the medium effect. The cargo area is one of the areas where improvements are needed. All efficiency is monitored when a good PCC value is added to the RCA.

Park (2003) provides specific guidelines on the use of building materials and the layout of expandable debris on the lower part of a solid paved road. Based on the results a comparisons were made between recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), crushed stone (CSA), and stone. The different properties such as specific gravity, water absorption rate, the degree of abrasion of the loss angles and the high humidity content reflect the same value as in the case of CSA and graphs. The RCA showed higher shear resistance compared to stone and CSA.

Poon et al. (2005) found sufficient use of RCA and RCBW crushed as a sub-pavement layer. The three mixtures are made of reconstituted concrete aggregate and crushed clay bricks in different proportions. The percentage of clay bricks was stored at different rates such as 0%, 25% and 50% respectively. During the research period composed of crushed clay it was found that it is not easily absorbed by moisture. After analyzing the results it was concluded that the use of 100% recycled concrete mixers instead of natural compounds will result in an increase in excellent moisture content while the dry density will decrease. The lower base consisting of crushed clay bricks showed a lower amount of CBR compared to the lower base consisting of reconstituted concrete mortar.

Balbo et al. (2015) conducted a study to evaluate the effect of crushed stone used in high quality cement in a concrete paved area. For sampling, the amount is mixed with various values ??namely 0 / 0.5 mm, 5/2 mm, 2/4 mm, 4/8 mm, 8/16 mm and 16/32 mm. It was concluded that crushed stone cement could be used for a solid layer of paved concrete.

Jerath and Hanson (2007) conducted the study to check the durability of concrete by increasing the gradation of aggregate with fly ash content. The usage of high quantity of fly ash decreases the water content of mix which gives high compressive and flexural strength. Dense graded aggregate with 45% of fly ash in place of cement reduces the specific gravity, permeability, absorption and voids in concrete mix which increase the durability of the rigid pavement in every climate conditions.

Amin (2011) conducted a study to examine the impact on strength or chloride resistivity by using bagasse ash in concrete. Ranging from 5% to 30% different proportion of bagasse ash was replaced in place of cement. Surface area of bagasse ash was higher than cement but density, specific gravity and mean grain size were low. It contain large amount of silica content and Al2O3, Fe2O3, and CaO also. While conducted various test for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, chloride permeability and chloride diffusion it was found that 20% of OPC can be replaced by bagasse ash. Without compromising its quality, strength, workability, water permeability and durability bagasse ash is suitable for replacement.

Shen et al. (2009) studied the application of steel slag, fly ash and phosphor gypsum as the road base course materials. Due to the presence of C3S, C2S, C3A and C4AF elements steel slag can be used as the replacement of cement. Use of steel slag and fly ash in the ratio of 1:1 with 2.5% of phosphogypsum exhibiting 28 days strength around 8.36 Mpa which is much higher than other base material of the pavement. The splitting strength and resilience modulus of steel slag and fly ash was found higher than lime fly ash soil which makes it superior to be used as a base material.

III. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides details about the test setup and the various procedures to be performed and helps to achieve the objectives pursued in this project. After reading the various research papers you come to realize that cement can be replaced by using that type of waste that contains a high amount of CaO. To increase the strength of silica content must be increased to have a large amount of C-S-H gel that increases durability and performance.

A. Materials and Methods

After comparing the composition of the various wastes with OPC cement it was concluded that waste such as GGBS, LFS and Bagasse ash would be subjected to a slight change of cement as shown in Table. Instead of sand, stone dust will be used and when recycled compounds will be used a certain percentage. Ultimately, the general cost of concrete will be compared to new green concrete.

Table Sample to be made of different proportion

1. Coarse Aggregates: The coarse aggregate used were a mixture of two locally available crushed stone of 20 mm and 10 mm size in 70:30 proportion. Coarse aggregate of maximum size 20mm and minimum 10 mm is used throughout the concrete. The specific gravity of coarse aggregate is 3.09.
2. Fine Aggregates: Fine aggregate is used in this experimental study for concrete is river sand conforming to zone- II. The specific gravity of fine aggregates 2.65.
3. Water: Water used for mixing and curing was clean and free from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts and sugar, organic substances that may be deleterious to concrete. As per IS 456- 2000 Potable water is generally considered satisfactory for mixing and curing of concrete. Accordingly, potable tap water was used for the preparation of all concrete specimens.

This study aims to make use of the waste material for replacing the cement and using in construction of roads. Therefore, mix design of M40 grade concrete was done by following the guidelines of IS: 465-2000 and IS 10262. With help of these codes the quantity of concrete required for 1 cubic meter can be estimated and at which water cement ratio concrete going to be mixed is also selected from these codes as shown in Fig.

Table: Quantities of materials for mix proportion

The calculations of concrete as per unit volume shall be measured as follows: The volume of cubes = 0.15 X 0.15 X 0.15X 3 = .01012m3

Cement = 350 X .01012 = 3.54 kg

Sand = 896 X .01012 = 9.97 kg

Aggregate = 1140X.01012 = 11.53kg Water = 140 X .01012 = 1.41kg Admixture = 7 X .01012= 0.0708kg

IV.. RESULTS

A. Compressive strength of cubes with different proportions of GGBS for 28 days

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Conclusion

1) The 28-day pressure system through GGBS gives good results, when cement was changed to 15%. 2) In the 10% change there was a 12% increase in pressure. 3) In the case of LFS 20% the change was observed without compromising on its strength. 4) Thereafter the SCBA was slightly modified and 15% provided maximum strength after 28 days of treatment. 5) Different combinations of these three waste materials were prepared during the study, noting that 5% of GGBS, 10% of LFS and 15% of SCBA in the mix showed significant compressive strength. 6) The strength of GGBS, LFS and SCBA is slightly higher than conventional concrete. 7) Construction costs will be reduced to 18% of the total project cost.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Sandeep Choudhary, Nupoor Dewangan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.